Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of included participants.
| Low HbA1c variability | High HbA1c variability | P-value | Low FPG variability | High FPG variability | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 5026 | 5026 | 5034 | 5034 | ||
| Age, mean ± SD; yr | 63.6 ± 6.7 | 62.0 ± 6.5 | <0.001 | 63.1 ± 6.6 | 62.5 ± 6.7 | <0.001 |
| Female | 1923 (38.3%) | 1933 (38.5%) | 0.837 | 1897 (37.7%) | 1966 (39.1%) | 0.157 |
| Race | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| No-White | 1767 (35.2%) | 2004 (39.9%) | 1723 (34.2%) | 2057 (40.9%) | ||
| White | 3259 (64.8%) | 3022 (60.1%) | 3311 (65.8%) | 2977 (59.1%) | ||
| Glycemic control | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Standard | 2849 (56.7%) | 2176 (43.3%) | 3018 (60.0%) | 2017 (40.1%) | ||
| Intensive | 2177 (43.3%) | 2850 (56.7%) | 2016 (40.0%) | 3017 (59.9%) | ||
| History of CVD | 1705 (33.9%) | 1811 (36.0%) | 0.027 | 1648 (32.7%) | 1879 (37.3%) | <0.001 |
| Education | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Less than high school | 635 (12.6%) | 829 (16.5%) | 645 (12.8%) | 824 (16.4%) | ||
| High school graduate | 1316 (26.2%) | 1346 (26.8%) | 1341 (26.7%) | 1322 (26.3%) | ||
| Some college | 1646 (32.8%) | 1652 (32.9%) | 1657 (32.9%) | 1648 (32.8%) | ||
| College graduate or more | 1425 (28.4%) | 1197 (23.8%) | 1388 (27.6%) | 1237 (24.6%) | ||
| Proteinuria | 953 (19.0%) | 1041 (20.7%) | 0.028 | 898 (17.8%) | 1101 (21.9%) | <0.001 |
| History of heart failure | 226 (4.5%) | 248 (4.9%) | 0.302 | 189 (3.8%) | 287 (5.7%) | <0.001 |
| Depression | 1089 (21.7%) | 1281 (25.5%) | <0.001 | 1095 (21.8%) | 1281 (25.5%) | <0.001 |
| Duration of diabetes, mean ± SD; yr | 11.2 ± 7.7 | 10.4 ± 7.4 | <0.001 | 9.7 ± 7.2 | 11.9 ± 7.8 | <0.001 |
| Current smoker | 617 (12.3%) | 775 (15.4%) | <0.001 | 626 (12.4%) | 770 (15.3%) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol/week, mean ± SD; times | 1.1 ± 2.9 | 0.9 ± 2.5 | <0.001 | 1.1 ± 2.9 | 0.9 ± 2.5 | <0.001 |
| BMI, mean ± SD; kg/m2 | 31.7 ± 5.3 | 32.7 ± 5.4 | <0.001 | 32.2 ± 5.3 | 32.3 ± 5.5 | 0.184 |
| Cholesterol, mean ± SD; mg/dL | 180.4 ± 39.7 | 186.3 ± 43.6 | <0.001 | 181.5 ± 40.3 | 185.2 ± 43.2 | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride, mean ± SD; mg/dL | 174.9 ± 115.6 | 205.9 ± 174.7 | <0.001 | 186.0 ± 124.8 | 194.7 ± 169.5 | 0.004 |
| LDL, mean ± SD; mg/dL | 103.6 ± 32.7 | 106.2 ± 34.9 | <0.001 | 103.8 ± 33.0 | 106.1 ± 34.7 | <0.001 |
| HDL, mean ± SD; mg/dL | 42.7 ± 11.9 | 41.0 ± 11.3 | <0.001 | 41.7 ± 11.2 | 42.1 ± 12.0 | 0.118 |
| SBP, mean ± SD; mmHg | 135.8 ± 16.6 | 136.8 ± 17.5 | 0.004 | 135.7 ± 16.7 | 137.0 ± 17.4 | <0.001 |
| DBP, mean ± SD; mmHg | 73.9 ± 10.4 | 75.8 ± 10.8 | <0.001 | 74.9 ± 10.4 | 74.8 ± 10.9 | 0.548 |
| HR, HR, mean ± SD; bpm | 71.7 ± 11.6 | 73.6 ± 11.8 | <0.001 | 72.0 ± 11.6 | 73.3 ± 11.9 | <0.001 |
| GFR, mean ± SD; ml/min/1.73 m2) | 89.8 ± 26.3 | 92.3 ± 27.9 | <0.001 | 91.6 ± 28.4 | 90.5 ± 25.8 | 0.054 |
HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; FPG, Fasting plasma glucose; SD, standard deviation; CVD, cardiovascular disease; LDL, Low density lipoprotein; HDL, high density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; GFR, glomerular filtration rate.