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. 2022 Aug 11;13:958218. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.958218

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Interactions of BAs and gut microbe influence host metabolism. Primary bile acids are synthesized and then conjugated with taurine or glycine in hepatocytes. Conjugated bile acids are transported into the bile duct by BSEP. Most conjugated bile acids are reabsorbed via ASBT and circulate to the liver by OSTα/β, OATP and NTCP, while a small part is converted into secondary bile acids by deconjugation and dehydroxylation of gut flora. Bile acids acts as the endogenous ligands for FXR and TGR5 to generate distinct effects on metabolism regulation. T, taurine; G, glycine; CA, cholic acid; CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid; DCA, deoxycholic acid; LCA, lithocholic acid; BSEP, bile salt export protein; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; FGFR, FGF receptor; RXR, retinoid X receptor; SHP, small heterodimer partner; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; OST, organic solute transporter; OATP, organic anion-transporting polypeptide; NTCP, sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide; ASBT, apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter; DIO2, type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase; T4, thyroxine; T3, thyroid hormone.