Table 3.
Adjusted associations between participant characteristics and preference for on‐demand versus daily PrEP, overall and separately for each CHAPS survey setting
| Overall, all settings (n = 1287) | Cape Town (n = 214) | Johannesburg (n = 184) | Uganda (n = 491) | Zimbabwe (n = 398) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Category | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Interaction p‐value a |
| Sex | Male | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | 0.02 |
| Female | 0.59 (0.47, 0.75) | 0.82 (0.46, 1.46) | 0.67 (0.37, 1.21) | 0.80 (0.53, 1.22) | 0.34 (0.23, 0.52) | ||
| Age group | 13–15 | 0.53 (0.36, 0.78) | 1.86 (0.81, 4.23) | 0.71 (0.26, 1.91) | 0.37 (0.20, 0.68) | 0.32 (0.16, 0.66) | 0.01 |
| 16–17 | 0.85 (0.62, 1.15) | 1.79 (0.86, 3.72) | 0.57 (0.25, 1.30) | 0.59 (0.35, 1.01) | 0.93 (0.55, 1.57) | ||
| 18–24 | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | ||
| Age of first sex | Per unit increase | 1.02 (0.96, 1.09) | 1.04 (0.89, 1.23) | 0.93 (0.79, 1.09) | 1.06 (0.96, 1.17) | 1.02 (0.88, 1.18) | 0.55 |
| Transactional sex, ever | No | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | 0.14 |
| Yes | 0.92 (0.61, 1.38) | 0.46 (0.13, 1.69) | 1.75 (0.62, 4.97) | 0.77 (0.38, 1.53) | 0.99 (0.47, 2.07) | ||
| Forced sex, last 6 months | No | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | 0.57 |
| Yes | 1.10 (0.65, 1.87) | 0.85 (0.21, 3.51) | 0.86 (0.21, 3.59) | 1.44 (0.61, 3.38) | 0.65 (0.23, 1.84) | ||
| Forced someone to have sex, last 6 months | No | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | 0.74 |
| Yes | 0.98 (0.52, 1.85) | 0.53 (0.10, 2.70) | 1.08 (0.23, 5.05) | 1.53 (0.43, 5.42) | 0.75 (0.23, 2.44) | ||
| No. of partners, last 6 months | 0 | 0.69 (0.49, 0.97) | 1.56 (0.24, 9.95) | – | 0.78 (0.45, 1.33) | 0.74 (0.42, 1.30) | 0.70 |
| 1 | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | ||
| 2 | 1.26 (0.87, 1.84) | 1.64 (0.78, 3.44) | 1.61 (0.74, 3.52) | 1.23 (0.53, 2.85) | 0.96 (0.47, 1.99) | ||
| 3 | 0.81 (0.51, 1.29) | 1.03 (0.38, 2.76) | 1.31 (0.53, 3.24) | 1.16 (0.31, 4.34) | 0.46 (0.20, 1.03) | ||
| 4 or more | 0.65 (0.41, 1.03) | 0.60 (0.17, 2.16) | 1.09 (0.43, 2.80) | 0.40 (0.16, 0.96) | 0.83 (0.34, 1.99) | ||
| Sex frequency past month | At least daily | 0.55 (0.29, 1.06) | 0.21 (0.05, 0.97) | 0.54 (0.11, 2.63) | 0.44 (0.10, 1.93) | 0.50 (0.16, 1.55) | 0.70 |
| 2–3 times a week | 0.72 (0.50, 1.05) | 0.40 (0.14, 1.13) | 0.35 (0.12, 1.05) | 0.76 (0.38, 1.52) | 0.76 (0.40, 1.47) | ||
| Once a week | 0.95 (0.64, 1.39) | 0.48 (0.18, 1.33) | 0.40 (0.13, 1.25) | 1.00 (0.47, 2.13) | 1.01 (0.52, 1.98) | ||
| Once a month | 0.95 (0.66, 1.36) | 0.37 (0.12, 1.14) | 0.38 (0.13, 1.15) | 1.22 (0.58, 2.55) | 0.88 (0.48, 1.61) | ||
| Never | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | ||
| Last time had sex, how far in advance knew | <2 hours | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | 0.74 |
| 2–12 hours | 1.35 (0.94, 1.93) | 1.72 (0.84, 3.52) | 1.26 (0.62, 2.58) | 0.89 (0.43, 1.87) | 1.70 (0.80, 3.63) | ||
| 13–24 hours | 1.09 (0.66, 1.81) | 0.40 (0.08, 1.94) | 0.97 (0.40, 2.36) | 1.92 (0.61, 6.00) | 0.96 (0.32, 2.88) | ||
| >24 hours | 1.56 (1.09, 2.22) | 1.64 (0.74, 3.63) | 1.16 (0.42, 3.22) | 1.37 (0.74, 2.53) | 1.87 (0.96, 3.62) | ||
| Current relationship status | Single | 1.04 (0.71, 1.54) | 2.16 (0.98, 4.76) | 1.25 (0.51, 3.02) | 0.75 (0.36, 1.56) | 0.72 (0.35, 1.49) | 0.61 |
| Boyfriend/girlfriend | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | ||
| Other | 0.94 (0.60, 1.48) | 1.35 (0.32, 5.70) | 0.91 (0.05, 15.06) | 0.83 (0.43, 1.58) | 1.20 (0.55, 2.62) | ||
| Age gap, last partner | Same age | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | 0.78 |
| 1–5 years gap | 1.30 (0.90, 1.87) | 1.38 (0.70, 2.70) | 1.02 (0.47, 2.21) | 1.95 (0.85, 4.50) | 1.38 (0.67, 2.85) | ||
| >5 years gap | 0.80 (0.49, 1.33) | 1.17 (0.37, 3.64) | 0.39 (0.12, 1.20) | 1.12 (0.39, 3.24) | 1.06 (0.43, 2.61) | ||
| Relationship, last partner | Regular sexual partner | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | 0.09 |
| Other | 1.03 (0.71, 1.50) | 1.15 (0.52, 2.56) | 0.65 (0.30, 1.44) | 0.74 (0.32, 1.68) | 1.59 (0.82, 3.05) | ||
| Condom use, last sex | No | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | 0.45 |
| Yes | 0.87 (0.66, 1.15) | 0.92 (0.50, 1.70) | 0.62 (0.33, 1.15) | 0.96 (0.55, 1.70) | 0.90 (0.54, 1.53) | ||
| HIV status, last partner | Negative | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | 0.29 |
| Positive/don't know | 0.75 (0.56, 1.00) | 0.84 (0.45, 1.57) | 0.59 (0.31, 1.13) | 0.72 (0.42, 1.23) | 0.91 (0.52, 1.59) | ||
| Condom use past 6 months | Never | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | 0.11 |
| Sometimes | 1.07 (0.78, 1.47) | 1.26 (0.57, 2.79) | 0.17 (0.05, 0.57) | 1.14 (0.63, 2.04) | 1.16 (0.67, 1.99) | ||
| Always | 1.06 (0.75, 1.50) | 0.97 (0.40, 2.31) | 0.18 (0.05, 0.59) | 0.97 (0.48, 1.96) | 1.24 (0.69, 2.21) | ||
| Risk taking | Avoid taking risks | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | 0.78 |
| Somewhere in between | 0.95 (0.69, 1.29) | 1.25 (0.50, 3.09) | 1.33 (0.61, 2.89) | 0.89 (0.50, 1.60) | 1.59 (0.86, 2.92) | ||
| Take risks | 1.17 (0.84, 1.64) | 0.93 (0.49, 1.76) | 1.32 (0.60, 2.89) | 0.82 (0.39, 1.71) | 0.89 (0.54, 1.49) | ||
| Perceived chance of HIV, next 3 months | No chance | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | 0.72 |
| Some chance | 0.77 (0.58, 1.01) | 0.85 (0.45, 1.62) | 0.79 (0.41, 1.52) | 0.58 (0.35, 0.95) | 0.75 (0.45, 1.24) | ||
| Moderate chance | 0.64 (0.39, 1.03) | 0.82 (0.32, 2.12) | 0.63 (0.21, 1.93) | 0.49 (0.18, 1.29) | 0.55 (0.22, 1.35) | ||
| High chance | 0.50 (0.21, 1.20) | 0.26 (0.03, 2.57) | 1.33 (0.29, 6.01) | 0.63 (0.06, 6.25) | 0.08 (0.01, 0.72) | ||
| Depression | No | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | 0.97 |
| Yes | 0.84 (0.61, 1.17) | 0.93 (0.50, 1.74) | 0.93 (0.47, 1.83) | 0.67 (0.17, 2.66) | 0.86 (0.51, 1.43) | ||
| Anxiety | No | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | 0.30 |
| Yes | 1.05 (0.75, 1.47) | 1.07 (0.57, 1.99) | 1.73 (0.85, 3.54) | 0.89 (0.24, 3.37) | 0.79 (0.46, 1.37) | ||
| PTSD symptoms | No | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | 0.20 |
| Yes | 0.78 (0.58, 1.05) | 0.67 (0.34, 1.32) | 0.50 (0.24, 1.01) | 1.15 (0.64, 2.06) | 0.74 (0.42, 1.31) | ||
| Binge drinking | Never | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | 0.06 |
| < Monthly | 1.12 (0.77, 1.65) | 1.15 (0.56, 2.39) | 0.67 (0.31, 1.44) | 1.04 (0.28, 3.85) | 1.44 (0.71, 2.90) | ||
| Monthly | 1.22 (0.81, 1.84) | 0.60 (0.26, 1.38) | 2.32 (0.96, 5.56) | 0.76 (0.29, 2.03) | 1.32 (0.58, 3.00) | ||
| ≥ Weekly | 1.04 (0.63, 1.70) | 1.03 (0.39, 2.71) | 0.66 (0.24, 1.79) | 1.63 (0.36, 7.48) | 1.44 (0.56, 3.72) | ||
| Drug use past 30 days | No | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | 0.20 |
| Yes | 1.11 (0.76, 1.63) | 1.26 (0.60, 2.62) | 1.01 (0.52, 1.97) | 0.42 (0.13, 1.33) | 1.66 (0.74, 3/72) | ||
| Have heard of PrEP | No | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | 0.62 |
| Yes | 1.00 (0.75, 1.33) | 0.76 (0.41, 1.41) | 0.87 (0.46, 1.65) | 1.36 (0.69, 2.67) | 1.01 (0.60, 1.67) | ||
| Would disclosure PrEP to partner | No | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | 0.58 |
| Yes | 0.71 (0.55, 0.92) | 0.64 (0.33, 1.24) | 0.73 (0.37, 1.42) | 0.58 (0.36, 0.96) | 0.87 (0.57, 1.34) |
a
Result of test for interaction to assess whether associations between characteristics and preference for on‐demand versus daily PrEP differed between settings.