Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population.
| Overall population (N = 400) | Low MELD-XI (N = 256) | High MELD-XI (N = 144) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 76.00 [67.00, 83.00] | 75.00 [67.00, 81.00] | 78.00 [66.00, 85.00] | 0.075 |
| Gender (female) | 206 (51.50) | 113 (44.14) | 93 (64.58) | <0.001* |
| IBM, kg/m2 | 23.35 [21.08, 25.65] | 23.28 [21.03, 25.69] | 23.52 [21.09, 25.64] | 0.970 |
| SBP, mmHg | 130.00 [118.00, 143.00] | 129.00 [118.00, 142.00] | 131.00 [118.25, 145.75] | 0.611 |
| DBP, mmHg | 75.00 [67.00, 85.00] | 75.00 [67.00, 83.00] | 74.50 [66.00, 86.00] | 0.796 |
| HFrEF, n (%) | 79 (19.75) | 49 (19.14) | 30 (20.83) | 0.830 |
| HFmrEF, n (%) | 55 (13.75) | 34 (13.28) | 21 (14.58) | |
| HFpEF, n (%) | 266 (66.50) | 173 (67.58) | 93 (64.58) | |
| NYHA II, n (%) | 119 (29.75) | 91 (35.55) | 28 (19.44) | 0.001* |
| NYHA III, n (%) | 209 (52.25) | 129 (50.39) | 80 (55.56) | |
| NYHA IV, n (%) | 72 (18.00) | 36 (14.06) | 36 (25.00) | |
| Medical history | ||||
| Hypertensive heart disease, n | 77 (19.25) | 50 (19.53) | 27 (18.75) | 0.849 |
| Dilated cardiomyopathy, n | 48 (12.00) | 27 (10.55) | 21 (14.58) | 0.233 |
| Rheumatic heart disease, n | 32 (8.00) | 22 (8.59) | 10 (6.94) | 0.006* |
| Coronary heart disease, n | 233 (58.25) | 149 (58.20) | 84 (58.33) | 0.287 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n | 74 (18.50) | 9 (3.52) | 65 (45.14) | <0.001* |
| Hepatopathy, n | 26 (6.50) | 12 (4.68) | 14 (9.72) | 0.058 |
| COPD, n | 54 (13.50) | 34 (13.28) | 20 (13.88) | 0.864 |
| Heart valve disease, n | 162 (40.50) | 94 (36.72) | 68 (47.22) | 0.040* |
| Arrhythmia, n | 251 (62.75) | 155 (60.55) | 96 (66.67) | 0.224 |
| Hypertension, n | 260 (65.00) | 171 (66.80) | 89 (61.80) | 0.315 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n | 120 (30.00) | 77 (30.08) | 43 (29.86) | 0.964 |
| Smoking history, n | 139 (34.75) | 80 (31.25) | 59 (40.97) | 0.050 |
| Drinking history, n | 102 (25.50) | 62 (24.22) | 40 (27.78) | 0.433 |
| Previous PCI, n | 91 (22.75) | 58 (22.66) | 33 (22.92) | 0.952 |
| Previous stroke /TIA, n | 120 (30.00) | 71 (27.73) | 49 (34.03) | 0.187 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n | 191 (47.75) | 112 (43.75) | 79 (54.86) | 0.033* |
| PAD, n | 298 (74.50) | 191 (74.61) | 107 (74.31) | 0.947 |
| Echocardiogram | ||||
| IVST, mm | 11.00 [10.00, 12.00] | 11.00 [10.00, 12.00] | 11.00 [10.00, 12.00] | 0.907 |
| LAD, mm | 42.00 [37.00, 48.00] | 41.00 [37.00, 46.00] | 45.00 [39.00, 50.00] | <0.001* |
| RATD, mm | 40.00 [34.25, 45.00] | 38.00 [34.00, 43.00] | 42.00 [36.00, 48.75] | <0.001* |
| LVEDD, mm | 50.00 [44.00, 58.00] | 48.00 [42.25, 57.00] | 53.00 [47.25, 63.00] | <0.001* |
| RVEDD, mm | 24.00 [21.00, 27.00] | 23.00 [21.00, 26.00] | 25.00 [22.00, 28.00] | <0.001* |
| LVPWT, mm | 10.00 [9.00, 11.00] | 9.00 [8.00, 10.00] | 10.00 [9.00, 11.00] | 0.003* |
| LVEF, % | 61.00 [43.00, 71.00] | 63.00 [46.00, 72.00] | 57.50 [39.00, 69.00] | 0.007* |
| Laboratory data | ||||
| D-dimer, mg/L | 0.10 [0.10, 0.10] | 0.10 [0.10, 0.10] | 0.10 [0.10, 0.28] | <0.001* |
| RBC, 1012/L | 4.17 [3.75, 4.55] | 4.19 [3.78, 4.53] | 4.13 [3.67, 4.58] | 0.519 |
| Hb, g/L | 125.00 [113.00, 138.00] | 126.00 [115.00, 138.00] | 124.00 [108.25, 138.00] | 0.331 |
| HCT | 38.40 [34.30, 41.78] | 38.60 [34.73, 41.48] | 37.60 [33.30, 42.00] | 0.263 |
| MCV, fL | 92.30 [89.30, 95.78] | 92.10 [89.70, 95.50] | 92.70 [88.03, 96.00] | 0.994 |
| MCH, pg | 30.50 [29.30, 31.70] | 30.70 [29.40, 31.70] | 30.40 [28.58, 32.00] | 0.452 |
| MCHC, g/L | 330.00 [320.00, 338.00] | 330.00 [321.00, 338.75] | 328.50 [317.25, 338.00] | 0.256 |
| RDW-CV | 14.10 [13.23, 15.00] | 13.80 [13.20, 14.70] | 14.55 [13.70, 15.50] | <0.001* |
| RDW-SD, fl | 46.00 [43.70, 49.40] | 45.35 [43.20, 48.48] | 47.70 [45.10, 51.88] | <0.001* |
| WBC, 109/L | 6.58 [5.16, 8.10] | 6.50 [5.11, 7.96] | 6.86 [5.24, 8.44] | 0.247 |
| Neutrophil, 109/L | 4.79 [3.57, 6.48] | 4.64 [3.52, 6.31] | 5.15 [3.77, 6.74] | 0.036* |
| Lymphocyte, 109/L | 1.18 [0.88, 1.56] | 1.23 [0.93, 1.58] | 1.09 [0.74, 1.51] | 0.002* |
| Monocyte, 109/L | 0.41 [0.28, 0.56] | 0.41 [0.28, 0.52] | 0.41 [0.29, 0.62] | 0.166 |
| Platelet, 109/L | 157.00 [124.25, 195.00] | 160.00 [132.00, 201.50] | 153.50 [111.25, 191.25] | 0.008* |
| PTA, % | 87.00 [72.00, 97.00] | 91.00 [78.00, 100.00] | 78.00 [63.00, 95.00] | <0.001* |
| INR | 1.09 [1.02, 1.25] | 1.06 [1.00, 1.17] | 1.18 [1.04, 1.35] | <0.001* |
| PT, s | 14.10 [13.30, 15.50] | 13.80 [13.10, 14.90] | 14.75 [13.50, 16.68] | <0.001* |
| APTT, s | 36.95 [33.50, 40.50] | 36.00 [33.30, 39.88] | 38.20 [34.53, 42.78] | 0.002* |
| Fibrinogen, g/L | 3.36 [2.81, 4.33] | 3.32 [2.88, 4.18] | 3.46 [2.68, 4.56] | 0.823 |
| TT, s | 17.30 [16.40, 18.40] | 17.10 [16.30, 18.40] | 17.60 [16.63, 18.60] | 0.019* |
| K+, mmol/L | 3.98 [3.71, 4.31] | 3.95 [3.70, 4.24] | 4.10 [3.74, 4.53] | 0.026* |
| Na+, mmol/L | 140.60 [137.73, 143.30] | 140.95 [138.03, 143.78] | 140.10 [137.00, 142.68] | 0.043* |
| Scr, mg/L | 0.94 [0.76, 1.23] | 0.83 [0.69, 0.96] | 1.37 [1.10, 1.82] | <0.001* |
| UA, μmol/L | 411.15 [331.78, 518.00] | 379.45 [306.18, 457.15] | 507.00 [410.05, 604.28] | <0.001* |
| BUN, mmol/L | 7.41 [5.86, 9.77] | 6.65 [5.34, 8.09] | 9.89 [7.49, 13.21] | <0.001* |
| lactic acid, mmol/L | 2.30 [1.72, 3.00] | 2.30 [1.70, 2.90] | 2.40 [1.80, 3.14] | 0.322 |
| NTproBNP, pg/ml | 2,116.50 [630.40, 5,550.50] | 1,360.50 [438.60, 3,750.50] | 4,243.50 [1,556.75, 9,995.50] | <0.001* |
| Albumin, g/L | 37.20 [34.65, 39.80] | 37.90 [35.20, 40.40] | 36.15 [33.44, 39.08] | <0.001* |
| ALT, U/L | 17.00 [11.00, 27.00] | 18.00 [12.00, 28.00] | 16.00 [11.00, 25.00] | 0.252 |
| AST, U/L | 22.00 [17.00, 31.00] | 22.00 [17.00, 29.75] | 23.00 [17.00, 31.00] | 0.432 |
| ALP, U/L | 75.00 [60.00, 93.00] | 74.00 [59.00, 92.00] | 77.50 [63.00, 93.00] | 0.176 |
| GGT, U/L | 37.00 [23.00, 71.00] | 34.00 [21.00, 68.75] | 41.50 [25.25, 75.50] | 0.069 |
| TBIL, mg/dl | 0.68 [0.50, 0.98] | 0.62 [0.45, 0.81] | 0.90 [0.62, 1.39] | <0.001* |
| TBA, μmol/L | 4.50 [2.60, 8.10] | 4.50 [2.50, 7.48] | 4.85 [2.70, 8.60] | 0.194 |
| Prealbumin, mg/L | 194.50 [143.00, 233.75] | 201.50 [160.00, 237.50] | 180.00 [124.25, 229.75] | 0.004* |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.07 [0.80, 1.44] | 1.12 [0.84, 1.47] | 0.98 [0.71, 1.38] | 0.001* |
| TC, mmol/L | 3.59 [2.97, 4.34] | 3.73 [3.11, 4.43] | 3.27 [2.69, 4.20] | <0.001* |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.12 [0.92, 1.34] | 1.14 [0.98, 1.35] | 1.02 [0.84, 1.31] | 0.001* |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 1.90 [1.45, 2.39] | 1.96 [1.55, 2.42] | 1.71 [1.40, 2.29] | 0.012* |
| ApoA1, g/L | 1.35 [1.13, 1.57] | 1.39 [1.22, 1.63] | 1.28 [1.01, 1.45] | <0.001* |
| ApoB, g/L | 0.80 [0.64, 0.96] | 0.82 [0.69, 0.97] | 0.74 [0.59, 0.95] | 0.014* |
| ApoE, mg/L | 34.20 [28.50, 39.40] | 34.35 [28.83, 39.63] | 33.85 [28.00, 38.78] | 0.476 |
| Lp (a), mg/L | 143.20 [79.90, 234.10] | 139.15 [75.20, 217.78] | 153.90 [95.93, 242.85] | 0.098 |
| HbA1C, % | 6.48 [6.20, 6.91] | 6.47 [6.20, 6.95] | 6.48 [6.23, 6.89] | 0.808 |
| MELD-XI | 7.04 [4.29, 11.47] | 5.25 [2.38, 6.69] | 12.71 [10.88, 15.44] | <0.001* |
| Medication use | ||||
| β-blocker, n (%) | 238 (59.50) | 158 (61.72) | 80 (55.56) | 0.228 |
| AECI, n (%) | 120 (30.00) | 71 (27.73) | 49 (34.03) | 0.187 |
| ARB, n (%) | 131 (32.75) | 90 (35.15) | 41 (28.47) | 0.172 |
| Aspirin, n (%) | 104 (26.00) | 73 (28.52) | 31 (21.53) | 0.126 |
| Statin drug, n (%) | 248 (62.00) | 165 (64.45) | 83 (57.64) | 0.178 |
| Clopidogrel, n (%) | 189 (47.25) | 126 (49.22) | 63 (43.75) | 0.293 |
| NOAC, n (%) | 38 (9.50) | 28 (10.94) | 10 (6.94) | 0.191 |
| Warfarin, n (%) | 52 (13.00) | 33 (12.89) | 19 (13.19) | 0.931 |
| CCB, n (%) | 123 (30.75) | 78 (30.47) | 45 (31.25) | 0.871 |
| Diuretic, n (%) | 322 (80.50) | 196 (76.56) | 126 (87.50) | 0.008* |
| Hypoglycemic agent, n (%) | 98 (24.50) | 65 (25.39) | 33 (22.92) | 0.581 |
| ARNI, n (%) | 17 (4.25) | 10 (3.91) | 7 (4.86) | 0.650 |
| Digoxin, n (%) | 133 (33.25) | 78 (30.46) | 55 (38.19) | 0.115 |
Data are n/N (%) or median [25th−75th percentile].
*
P <0.05.
IVST, interventricular septal thickness; LAD, left atrial diameter; RATD, right atrial transverse diameter; LVEDD, left ventricular end diastolic diameter; RVEDD, right ventricular end diastolic diameter; LVPWT, late diastolic left ventricular posterior wall thickness; HCT, hematocrit; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; MCH, Mean RBC hemoglobin content; MCHC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; RDW-CV, coefficient of variation of red cell distribution width; RDW-SD, red cell distribution width standard deviation; PTA, plasma prothrombin activity; INR, International normalized ratio; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; PT, prothrombin time, TT, thrombin time; UA, uric acid; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; TBA, total bile acid; TBIL, total bilirubin; Scr, serum creatinine; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; Apo, apolipoprotein; SBP, systolic pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; NOAC, non-vitamin K antagonists oral anticoagulants; CCB, calcium channel blocker; ARNI, angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor; PAD, peripheral arterial disease; PCI, percutaneous transluminal coronary Intervention; TIA, transient ischemic attack; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker.