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. 2022 Aug 11;12:953187. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.953187

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Copyright © 2022 Kattenberg, Nguyen, Nguyen, Sauve, Nguyen, Chopo-Pizarro, Trimarsanto, Monsieurs, Guetens, Nguyen, Esbroeck, Auburn, Nguyen and Rosanas-Urgell

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Geographical separation of selected haplotypes in drug resistance associated genes genotyped by Pv AmpliSeq assay. (A) Global spread of pvdhps and pvdhfr validated mutations for SP resistance (dhfr: F57L,S58R/K,T61M,N117T/S; dhps: A383G, A553G). Map background created in https://www.mapchart.net/ (B) Spread of pvmdr1 haplotypes (V221L, D500N, S513R, S698G, L845F, L908M, T958M, Y976F, F1076L) and (C) pvcrt haplotypes (intron 357 + 83G>A, R121K, E207Q, I319M, D328D(A>G), intron 1003-46G>A) at a provincial level in Central Vietnam. Background map created in QGIS v3.16 with spatial data from https://www.diva-gis.org/.