Table 5.
The serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines according to demographic and socioeconomic variables among adults in East Coast, Fujian, China.
| Serum inflammatory marker* | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IL-6 (pg/ml) | TNF-a (pg/ml) | MCP-1 (pg/ml) | ||||||||
| 1st year (2017) | Follow-up I (2018) | Follow-up II (2019) | 1st year (2017) | Follow-up I (2018) | Follow-up II (2019) | 1st year (2017) | Follow-up I (2018) | Follow-up II (2019) | ||
| Sex | Age (years) | X ± SD * | X ± SD | X ± SD | X ± SD | X ± SD | X ± SD | X ± SD | X ± SD | X ± SD |
| Male | ||||||||||
| 18–29 | 23.6 ± 2.1 | 23.9 ± 2.4 | 23.8 ± 2.2 | 81.9 ± 8.2 | 81.8 ± 8.0 | 82.5 ± 8.1 | 86.0 ± 8.7 | 85.8 ± 8.4 | 86.1± 8.5 | |
| 30–39 | 23.4 ± 2.4 | 23.6 ± 2.2 | 23.9 ± 3.1 | 82.6 ± 8.4 | 82.9 ± 9.2 | 83.2 ± 9.2 | 86.2 ± 9.2 | 86.7± 8.6 | 87.1± 8.4 | |
| 40–49 | 23.8 ± 2.6 | 24.1 ± 2.6 | 24.4 ± 2.4 | 82.2 ± 8.3 | 83.2 ± 9.2 | 83.9 ± 9.1 | 87.1 ± 9.3 | 87.9 ± 9.0 | 88.2 ± 9.1 | |
| 50–59 | 23.9 ± 2.1 | 24.7 ± 2.4 | 24.6 ± 2.6 | 82.1 ± 8.2 | 82.6 ± 9.1 | 83.1 ± 8.9 | 88.2 ± 9.2 | 89.2 ± 9.9 | 90.5 ± 9.3 | |
| 60–69 | 24.8 ± 2.6 | 25.5 ± 2.5 | 26.0 ± 2.7 | 82.7 ± 8.6 | 83.5 ± 8.8 | 84.6 ± 9.0 | 88.1 ± 9.0 | 88.9 ± 9.4 | 89.2 ± 9.7 | |
| ≥70 | 25.7 ± 2.7 | 26.4 ± 2.4 | 27.9 ± 3.1 | 83.3 ± 8.6 | 85.2 ± 8.6 | 88.1 ± 9.0 | 89.5 ± 8.8 | 90.8 ± 10.0 | 91.1 ± 9.7 | |
| Total | ||||||||||
| Mean | 24.2 ± 3.0 | 24.6 ± 3.1 | 25.1 ± 3.2 | 82.5 ± 8.6 | 83.2 ± 8.4 | 84.2 ± 8.9 | 87.5 ± 8.9 | 88.2 ± 8.9 | 88.7 ± 8.8 | |
| p for linear trend | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.005 | <0.01 | <0.005 | <0.005 | |
| Female | ||||||||||
| 18–29 | 23.8 ± 2.3 | 23.5 ± 2.3 | 24.2 ± 2.3 | 81.4 ± 8.1 | 81.7 ± 8.2 | 82.1 ± 8.2 | 85.2 ± 8.1 | 85.9 ± 8.1 | 85.5 ± 8.7 | |
| 30–39 | 23.2 ± 2.4 | 23.9 ± 2.4 | 23.9 ± 2.1 | 82.9 ± 9.0 | 82.7± 9.0 | 82.9± 8.4 | 85.8 ± 8.8 | 86.6 ± 8.7 | 86.8 ± 8.8 | |
| 40–49 | 23.9 ± 2.1 | 24.7 ± 3.0 | 24.9 ± 2.9 | 82.0 ± 7.4 | 82.9 ± 8.4 | 83.3 ± 8.5 | 86.9 ± 8.9 | 86.8 ± 8.1 | 87.7 ± 8.8 | |
| 50–59 | 23.2 ± 2.3 | 24.4 ± 2.5 | 25.0 ± 3.1 | 82.9 ± 8.3 | 83.6 ± 8.9 | 83.9 ± 8.8 | 88.0 ± 9.0 | 88.9 ± 8.5 | 89.6 ± 9.1 | |
| 60–69 | 24.7 ± 2.5 | 25.0 ± 2.4 | 25.9 ± 2.6 | 82.8 ± 8.7 | 83.4 ± 9.1 | 84.1 ± 8.7 | 87.9 ± 8.6 | 88.3 ± 8.8 | 88.9 ± 8.8 | |
| ≥70 | 25.6 ± 2.7 | 26.8 ± 3.0 | 27.1 ± 2.7 | 83.6 ± 8.7 | 84.2 ± 9.1 | 85.6 ± 8.6 | 89.9 ± 8.7 | 92.3 ± 9.1 | 92.1 ± 9.1 | |
| Total | ||||||||||
| Mean | 24.1 ± 2.9 | 24.7 ± 2.6 | 25.2 ± 2.7 | 82.6 ± 8.8 | 83.1 ± 8.9 | 83.7 ± 8.8 | 87.3 ± 9.0 | 88.2 ± 9.1 | 88.3 ± 9.6 | |
| p for linear trend | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.005 | <0.005 | |
| Dyslipidemia in family | ||||||||||
| Yes | 26.3 ± 2.9 | 26.3 ± 2.8 | 27.9 ± 3.0 | 94.9 ± 8.9 | 91.9 ± 9.2 | 92.9 ± 9.2 | 93.1 ± 9.6 | 93.1± 9.3 | 93.9 ± 9.1 | |
| No | 22.1 ± 2.5 | 23.1 ± 2.4 | 24.1 ± 3.0 | 81.1 ± 8.1 | 84.1 ± 8.5 | 82.3 ± 8.3 | 87.3 ± 8.7 | 88.5 ± 8.9 | 87.1 ± 8.0 | |
| p | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.09 | |
| Education level | ||||||||||
| Low education | 24.9 ± 3.3 | 25.0 ± 3.0 | 26.9 ± 3.0 | 88.7 ± 9.2 | 87.7 ± 9.0 | 88.7 ± 9.3 | 89.1 ± 9.7 | 90.1 ± 9.1 | 91.1 ± 9.1 | |
| College/higher education | 23.6 ± 3.2 | 24.8 ± 3.2 | 23.9 ± 3.0 | 83.3 ± 9.0 | 82.2 ± 9.0 | 82.3 ± 9.1 | 84.5 ± 9.3 | 82.5 ± 8.9 | 81.5 ± 8.8 | |
| p | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | |
| History of smoking ^ | ||||||||||
| Yes | 28.8 ± 3.6 | 29.1 ± 3.3 | 29.0 ± 3.3 | 89.7 ± 9.2 | 90.7 ± 9.2 | 92.7 ± 9.3 | 90.1 ± 9.9 | 88.1 ± 9.1 | 87.1 ± 9.11 | |
| No | 23.2 ± 3.9 | 23.1 ± 3.0 | 23.9 ± 3.0 | 81.3 ± 9.0 | 81.3 ± 9.0 | 82.3 ± 9.1 | 84.5 ± 8.3 | 82.5 ± 7.9 | 83.5 ± 8.7 | |
| p | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.15 | |
| Alcohol drinking † | ||||||||||
| Yes | 27.3 ± 3.3 | 27.9 ± 3.1 | 27.9 ± 3.3 | 89.7 ± 8.7 | 91.7 ± 9.2 | 91.9 ± 9.1 | 90.9 ± 9.1 | 89.9 ± 9.1 | 91.5 ± 9.1 | |
| No | 23.6 ± 3.4 | 22.9 ± 3.3 | 22.9 ± 3.2 | 80.3 ± 8.5 | 80.9 ± 8.6 | 82.3 ± 8.9 | 82.5 ± 8.5 | 81.5 ± 8.4 | 82.5 ± 8.7 | |
| p | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.10 | |
| Overweight § | ||||||||||
| Yes | 29.9 ± 3.5 | 30.6 ± 3.0 | 32.2 ± 3.9 | 93.7 ± 8.2 | 96.7 ± 8.3 | 98.7 ± 9.1 | 94.9 ± 7.8 | 95.7 ± 8.6 | 97.5 ± 9.0 | |
| No | 22.0 ± 3.1 | 22.6 ± 3.5 | 23.1 ± 3.0 | 78.2 ± 8.1 | 79.1 ± 7.9 | 79.7 ± 8.6 | 79.8 ± 7.3 | 78.8 ± 7.7 | 80.3 ± 7.9 | |
| p | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
| Obesity | ||||||||||
| Yes | 29.7 ± 3.3 | 31.4 ± 4.1 | 30.1 ± 3.9 | 95.7 ± 8.2 | 94.9 ± 8.2 | 95.5 ± 7.3 | 96.9 ± 8.9 | 97.2 ± 9.0 | 98.7 ± 9.0 | |
| No | 22.0 ± 3.5 | 22.9 ± 3.2 | 22.8 ± 3.4 | 80.1 ± 8.0 | 80.1 ± 7.8 | 81.1 ± 8.1 | 78.0 ± 7.8 | 80.1 ± 8.2 | 82.2 ± 7.4 | |
| p | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
| Waist circumference ¶ | ||||||||||
| High | 28.8 ± 3.7 | 28.0 ± 3.0 | 27.9 ± 3.5 | 87.7 ± 9.1 | 89.7 ± 9.0 | 92.7 ± 9.3 | 92.1 ± 9.3 | 89.1 ± 9.1 | 94.1 ± 9.1 | |
| Normal | 23.9 ± 3.2 | 25.8 ± 3.4 | 24.9 ± 3.0 | 83.3 ± 8.9 | 83.9 ± 9.0 | 84.3 ± 9.1 | 83.5 ± 8.5 | 83.5 ± 8.7 | 83.5 ± 7.9 | |
| p | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.06 | |
| Lifestyle | ||||||||||
| Regular physical activity ~ | 27.1 ± 3.4 | 28.0 ± 3.4 | 26.9 ± 3.9 | 89.7 ± 9.2 | 91.7 ± 9.2 | 90.9 ± 9.0 | 92.9 ± 9.9 | 92.1 ± 9.10 | 93.6 ± 8.7 | |
| Sedentary Leisure | 25.2 ± 3.5 | 26.1 ± 3.5 | 29.9 ± 3.4 | 80.3 ± 9.0 | 81.3 ± 9.0 | 80.8 ± 9.1 | 86.5 ± 10.3 | 85.6 ± 7.9 | 84.4 ± 7.9 | |
| p | 0.12 | 0.20 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | |
| History of CHD | ||||||||||
| Yes | 28.3 ± 3.4 | 29.0 ± 3.9 | 29.0 ± 3.9 | 89.7 ± 9.2 | 89.9 ± 9.2 | 92.7 ± 9.3 | 94.1 ± 9.9 | 90.1 ± 7.10 | 94.1 ± 9.0 | |
| No | 22.8 ± 3.2 | 22.8 ± 3.9 | 23.9 ± 3.4 | 81.3 ± 9.0 | 82.3 ± 9.0 | 85.3 ± 9.1 | 83.5 ± 7.6 | 82.5 ± 8.0 | 82.3 ± 8.0 | |
| p | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.25 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | |
| History of CVD | ||||||||||
| Yes | 29.2 ± 3.7 | 27.9 ± 3.9 | 26.8 ± 3.9 | 89.6 ± 9.2 | 88.7 ± 9.2 | 89.9 ± 9.3 | 91.8 ± 9.0 | 93.7 ± 7.9 | 92.6 ± 8.6 | |
| No | 23.3 ± 3.2 | 23.6 ± 4.2 | 23.9 ± 3.4 | 81.3 ± 9.0 | 82.3 ± 9.0 | 82.3 ± 9.1 | 81.1 ± 9.0 | 82.5 ± 7.6 | 82.7 ± 8.1 | |
| p | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | |
| Hypertension | ||||||||||
| yes | 23.6 ± 4.1 | 24.0 ± 3.9 | 24.4 ± 3.9 | 87.7 ± 9.2 | 89.7 ± 9.2 | 89.9 ± 9.0 | 91.1 ± 9.0 | 93.5 ± 7.7 | 92.4 ± 8.2 | |
| No | 27.9 ± 4.3 | 28.5 ± 3.9 | 28.9 ± 3.4 | 83.6 ± 9.0 | 83.9 ± 9.0 | 83.2 ± 9.1 | 81.5 ± 10.3 | 82.5 ± 7.5 | 83.1 ± 7.4 | |
| p | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.15 | |
| Diabetes Mellitus | ||||||||||
| Yes | 29.5 ± 3.5 | 32.1 ± 4.0 | 32.1 ± 3.9 | 94.9 ± 8.2 | 96.8 ± 8.8 | 94.6 ± 8.0 | 96.3 ± 8.5 | 95.4 ± 8.10 | 96.9 ± 8.9 | |
| No | 21.8 ± 3.0 | 22.3 ± 3.7 | 21.9 ± 3.1 | 79.6 ± 7.5 | 80.1 ± 7.5 | 80.1 ± 8.0 | 80.1 ± 7.6 | 79.9 ± 7.7 | 80.1 ± 7.8 | |
| p | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
*X, mean; SD, standard deviation. Values expressed in pg/ml [n = 15,397 (2017), 12,144 (2018), and 11,762 (2019)]. IL‐6, interleukin‐6; MCP‐1, TNF‐α, tumor necrosis factor‐α; MCP‐1, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1. CVD indicates cardiovascular disease; CHD, coronary heart disease; BP, blood pressure; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; and HDL, high-density lipoprotein. #Dyslipidemia was defined as total cholesterol 240 mg/dl, and/or triglyceride ≥160 mg/dl, and/or LDL cholesterol 160 mg/dl, and/or HDL cholesterol 40 mg/dl, and/or use of lipid-lowering medications. ^Smoking was defined as current daily smoking or quit less than 5 years; Non-smoking is defined as never smoking cigarettes daily or quit smoking more than 5 years. †Alcohol drinking was defined as consumption of 30 g of alcohol per week for 1 year. § Overweight was defined as a body mass index (kg/m2) value of 24 or more; Obesity was defined as a body mass index (kg/m2) value of 28 and above. ¶High circumference is defined as a waist circumference over 85 cm for men and over 80 cm for women. ~ Defined as an exercise of moderate or vigorous activity at least for 30 min per day with 3 days per week.