Table 6.

The levels of serum oxidative status according to demographic and socioeconomic variables and familial history among adults in East Coast, Fujian, China in 2017 and 2-year follow-up.

Serum oxidate status*
		TBARS (µM)			TAC (mmol DPPH/L)
		1st year (2017)	Follow-up I (2018)	Follow-up II (2019)	1st year (2017)	Follow-up I (2018)	Follow-up II (2019)
Sex	Group (years)	X ± SD	X ± SD	X ± SD	X ± SD	X ± SD	X ± SD
Male
	18–29	3.99 ± 0.34	3.76 ± 0.33	3.95 ± 0.41	0.32 ± 0.05	0.33 ± 0.05	0.33 ± 0.03
	30–39	3.93 ± 0.34	3.98 ± 0.35	3.96 ± 0.40	0.32 ± 0.06	0.30 ± 0.6	0.32 ± 0.05
	40–49	4.02 ± 0.43	4.10 ± 0.41	4.09 ± 0.52	0.36 ± 0.05	0.37 ± 0.6	0.36 ± 0.06
	50–59	4.12 ± 0.58	4.19 ± 0.44	4.14 ± 0.55	0.39 ± 0.05	0.39 ± 0.06	0.40 ± 0.07
	60–69	4.19 ± 0.60	4.22 ± 0.55	4.29 ± 0.56	0.37 ± 0.05	0.38 ± 0.04	0.38 ± 0.06
	≥70	4.38 ± 0.60	4.48 ± 0.62	4.49 ± 0.56	0.33 ± 0.04	0.34 ± 0.05	0.33 ± 0.05
Total
Mean		4.11 ± 0.44	4.12 ± 0.48	4.15 ± 0.47	0.35 ± 0.04	0.35 ± 0.04	0.35 ± 0.04
P values for linear trend		<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01
Female
	18–29	3.76 ± 0.40	3.72 ± 0.37	3.79 ± 0.35	0.33 ± 0.03	0.33 ± 0.04	0.34 ± 0.03
	30–39	3.91 ± 0.42	3.99 ± 0.41	3.94 ± 0.38	0.35 ± 0.6	0.33 ± 0.04	0.32 ± 0.04
	40–49	4.04 ± 0.43	4.01 ± 0.42	4.09 ± 0.51	0.38 ± 0.07	0.39 ± 0.06	0.37 ± 0.04
	50–59	4.10 ± 0.43	4.13 ± 0.45	4.12 ± 0.47	0.40 ± 0.06	0.40 ± 0.06	0.39 ± 0.08
	60–69	4.14 ± 0.45	4.18 ± 0.41	4.22 ± 0.48	0.38 ± 0.06	0.36 ± 0.05	0.37 ± 0.04
	≥70	4.39 ± 0.46	4.49 ± 0.50	4.44 ± 0.48	0.34 ± 0.04	0.31 ± 0.05	0.32 ± 0.03
Total
Mean		4.06 ± 0.48	4.09 ± 0.43	4.10 ± 0.47	0.36 ± 0.05	0.35 ± 0.06	0.35 ± 0.06
p-values for linear trend		<0.01	<0.01	<0.005	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01
Dyslipidemia in family
Yes		4.78 ± 0.71	4.79 ± 0.69	4.81 ± 0.71	0.31 ± 0.05	0.31 ± 0.06	0.29 ± 0.05
No		3.39 ± 0.60	3.52 ± 0.65	3.63 ± 0.66	0.40 ± 0.05	0.42 ± 0.06	0.39 ± 0.06
p		0.03	0.06	0.07	0.06	0.06	0.05
Education level
Low education		4.41 ± 0.62	4.28 ± 0.66	4.35 ± 0.62	0.33 ± 0.06	0.30 ± 0.06	0.31 ± 0.06
College/higher education		3.76 ± 0.69	3.93 ± 0.66	3.90 ± 0.63	0.38 ± 0.05	0.40 ± 0.06	0.39 ± 0.06
p		0.10	0.20	0.25	0.25	0.06	0.25
History of smoking ^
Yes		4.78 ± 0.68	4.81 ± 0.69	4.82 ± 0.69	0.30 ± 0.06	0.28 ± 0.06	0.28 ± 0.06
No		3.39 ± 0.69	3.40 ± 0.64	3.42 ± 0.70	0.42 ± 0.06	0.42 ± 0.06	0.41 ± 0.06
p		0.01	0.01	0.04	0.05	0.04	0.04
Alcohol drinking †
Yes		4.76 ± 0.69	4.79 ± 0.65	4.80 ± 0.71	0.32 ± 0.06	0.29 ± 0.05	0.28 ± 0.05
No		3.31 ± 0.68	3.42 ± 0.63	3.35 ± 0.70	0.39 ± 0.07	0.41 ± 0.06	0.42 ± 0.07
p		0.04	0.02	0.04	0.10	0.04	0.01
Overweight §
Yes		4.61 ± 0.69	4.76 ± 0.71	4.79 ± 0.70	0.33 ± 0.06	0.29 ± 0.06	0.29 ± 0.05
No		3.56 ± 0.63	3.45 ± 0.69	3.36 ± 0.65	0.38 ± 0.06	0.41 ± 0.06	0.41 ± 0.07
p		0.08	0.04	0.05	0.20	0.07	0.07
Obesity
Yes		4.69 ± 0.69	4.79 ± 0.70	4.81 ± 0.73	0.31 ± 0.05	0.29 ± 0.05	0.29 ± 0.06
No		3.48 ± 0.66	3.42 ± 0.66	3.34 ± 0.66	0.40 ± 0.07	0.41 ± 0.06	0.42 ± 0.06
		0.06	0.04	0.03	0.09	0.04	0.04
Waist circumference ¶
High		4.51 ± 0.63	4.67 ± 0.70	4.57 ± 0.70	0.32 ± 0.05	0.32 ± 0.05	0.31 ± 0.06
Normal		3.66 ± 0.70	3.54 ± 0.65	3.38 ± 0.60	0.39 ± 0.07	0.38 ± 0.06	0.39 ± 0.06
p		0.09	0.07	0.05	0.15	0.15	0.10
Lifestyle
Regular physical activity ~		4.54 ± 0.70	4.58 ± 0.70	4.49 ± 0.71	0.33 ± 0.05	0.38 ± 0.05	0.39 ± 0.06
Sedentary Leisure		3.63 ± 0.62	3.63 ± 0.69	3.66 ± 0.60	0.38 ± 0.09	0.32 ± 0.06	0.31 ± 0.06
p		0.10	0.15	0.15	0.20	0.25	0.15
History of CHD
Yes		4.62 ± 0.69	4.55 ± 0.69	4.54 ± 0.69	0.32 ± 0.05	0.32 ± 0.05	0.31 ± 0.05
No		3.55 ± 0.67	3.66 ± 0.69	3.61 ± 0.61	0.39 ± 0.07	0.38 ± 0.06	0.39 ± 0.06
p		0.20	0.20	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.05
History of CVD
Yes		4.63 ± 0.65	4.54 ± 0.69	4.53 ± 0.68	0.32 ± 0.04	0.32 ± 0.05	0.32 ± 0.05
No		3.54 ± 0.68	3.67 ± 0.64	3.62 ± 0.60	0.39 ± 0.07	0.38 ± 0.06	0.39 ± 0.06
p		0.20	0.20	0.15	0.10	0.10	0.07
Hypertension
Yes		4.73 ± 0.68	4.61 ± 0.68	4.49 ± 0.63	0.33 ± 0.05	0.32 ± 0.05	0.32 ± 0.05
No		3.44 ± 0.66	3.60 ± 0.69	3.66 ± 0.60	0.38 ± 0.06	0.38 ± 0.06	0.39 ± 0.07
p		0.09	0.12	0.10	0.15	0.10	0.09
Diabetes Mellitus
Yes		4.75 ± 0.69	4.79 ± 0.68	4.76 ± 0.68	0.30 ± 0.05	0.29 ± 0.04	0.29 ± 0.06
No		3.42 ± 0.63	3.42 ± 0.69	3.39 ± 0.62	0.41 ± 0.07	0.41 ± 0.06	0.42 ± 0.06
p		0.04	0.04	0.03	0.07	0.04	0.03

*X, mean; SD, standard deviation. Values expressed in pg/ml [n = 15,397 (2017), 12,144 (2018), and 11,762 (2019)]. IL‐6, interleukin‐6; MCP‐1, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1; TNF‐α, tumor necrosis factor‐α. CVD indicates cardiovascular disease; CHD, coronary heart disease; BP, blood pressure; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; and HDL, high-density lipoprotein. # Dyslipidemia was defined as total cholesterol 240 mg/dl, and/or triglyceride ≥160 mg/dl, and/or LDL cholesterol 160 mg/dl, and/or HDL cholesterol 40 mg/dl, and/or use of lipid-lowering medications. ^Smoking was defined as current daily smoking or quit less than 5 years; Non-smoking is defined as never smoking cigarettes daily or quit smoking more than 5 years. † Alcohol drinking was defined as consumption of 30 g of alcohol per week for 1 year. § Overweight was defined as a body mass index (kg/m²) value of 24 or more; Obesity was defined as a body mass index (kg/m²) value of 28 and above. ¶High circumference is defined as a waist circumference over 85 cm for men and over 80 cm for women. ~ Defined as an exercise of moderate or vigorous activity at least for 30 min per day with 3 days per week.