Table 4.

Results of included studies table (Indirect evidences on COVID-19 from SARS cases for primary outcome of Incident cases).

SN	Study ID and country	Study design and setting	Outcomes (interpretation)
1.	Chen et al. (27) China	Retrospective hospital-based study	Out of 748 frontline HCWs involved in care of SARS patients in two hospitals in China; 91 HCWs developed SARS.
2.	Lau et al. (28) Hong Kong	Case-control study	Out of 330 individuals, who developed SARS, 61 individuals washed hands 11 or more times per day. Out of 660 individuals, who did not develop SARS, 61 individuals washed hands 11 or more times per day.
3.	Liu et al. (29) China	Case control study	Out of 477 HCWs with SARS, 193 (40.46%) washed nose.
4.	Pei et al. (30) China	Case control study	Out of 147 infected SARS HCWs, 11 (7.5%) HCWs sterilized hands by iodine, 9 (6.9%) did gargling, and 109 (82%) cleaned themselves thoroughly after contact with patients. Out of 296 patients those did not develop SARS, 105 (39%) individuals sterilized hands by iodine, 38 (13.5%) individuals did gargling, and 261 (92.2%) cleaned themselves thoroughly after contact with patients.
5.	Seto et al. (13) Hong Kong	Case-control hospital-based study (n = 5)	Out of 13 infected SARS HCWs; 10 (77%) HCWs did handwashing and out of 241 patients that did not develop SARS, 227 (94%) HCWs did handwashing
6.	Teleman et al. (32) Singapore	Case-control hospital-based study	Out of 36 HCWs that developed SARS; 27 (75%) reported handwashing. Out of 50 HCWs that did not develop SARS, 46 (92%) HCWs reported handwashing.
7.	Yen et al. (36) Taiwan	Modeling hospitals (n = 48)	Installation of hand washing stations in ED was significantly associated with protection of HCWs from developing SARS
8.	Yen et al. (33) Taiwan	Retrospective Hospital-based study from epicenter of the SARS epidemic	Out of 19 hospitals with one or more HCWs with a nosocomial SARS infection, 6 (31.6%) hospitals installed hand-washing station in EDs, 10 (52.6%) hospitals had disinfectant solution available at hospital entrance, 5 (26.3%) hospitals had a set-up of hand-washing facilities around whole hospital, and 5 (26.3%) hospitals had a set-up alcohol dispensers at checkpoints between zones of risks. Out of 31 hospitals with no nosocomial SARS infection among HCWs, 28 (90.3%) hospitals installed hand-washing station in EDs, 30 (96.8%) hospitals installed hand-washing station in EDs, 20 (64.5%) hospitals had a set-up of hand-washing facilities around whole hospital, and 30 (96.8%) hospitals had a set-up alcohol dispensers at checkpoints for glove-on hand rubbing between zones of risks.