Table 5.

Results of included studies table (Direct evidences on COVID-19 for secondary outcome of adverse events).

SN	Study ID country	Study design and setting	Outcomes (as reported in studies)	Conclusion
1.	Ran et al. (23–25) China	Retrospective study Hospital-based	321 out of 526 HCWs washed their hands >10 times per day reported more hand-skin damage [OR (95%CI) = 2.17 (1.38–3.43), P = 0.01] 113 out of 526 HCWs washed their hands ≤ 10 times per day Adverse events of excessive handwash (>10 times per day): itching 276 (52.5%) Out of 542 front-line HCWs for COVID-19; 526 (97%) reported hand-skin damage by enhanced infection-prevention measures.	Prevalence of skin damage of first-line HCWs managing COVID-19 is high. Longer exposure time was a significant risk factor for

HCWs, health care workers; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; MLR, multivariate logistic regression; ED, emergency departments.