Table 2. Ophthalmological effects of anti-neoplastic regimens used in the treatment of bladder cancer.
Adverse effects and potential beneficial effects of anti-neoplastic regimens that are currently used in the treatment of bladder cancer. While older chemotherapeutics in regular concentrations rarely cause ocular toxicity, newer classes of agents, such as drug-antibody conjugates or FGFR inhibitors are marked by a high incidence of ocular toxicity. Immune checkpoint inhibitors cause ocular side effects in less than 1% of cases. ICIs: immune checkpoint inhibitors, FGFR: fibroblast growth factor receptor.
| Medications | Side effects (frequency) | Beneficial potential |
| Chemotherapy: Cisplatin | Color vision changes (dose-dependent/unknown), granular pigmentary deposits (rare), optic neuritis, retrobulbar neuritis, transient cortical blindness, temporary homonymous hemianopia, bilateral central scotomas (all dose-dependent/rare in regular doses), ischemic retinopathy (rare), neovascularization (rare) | None reported |
| Chemotherapy: Carboplatin | Blurred vision, eye soreness, chorioretinitis, optic neuritis, papilledema (all rare) | None reported |
| Chemotherapy: Paclitaxel | Transient scintillating scotomas (20%), optic nerve edema (rare) | None reported |
| Chemotherapy: Methotrexate | Anterior surface irritation (46% in high dose), periorbital edema, ocular pain, dry eye, blurry vision, photophobia, blepharitis, conjunctivitis, decreased reflex tear secretions (all together up to 25% in high dose), optic neuritis (rare) | None reported |
| Chemotherapy: Doxorubicin | Conjunctivitis, excessive lacrimation, periorbital edema, blepharospasm, keratitis, decreased visual acuity (all rare) | None reported |
| Immune checkpoint inhibitors: Avelumab | Uveitis, iritis (all together <1%) | None reported |
| ICI: Durvalumab | Uveitis, iritis, keratitis (all together <1%) | None reported |
| Drug-antibody conjugates: Enfortumab vedotin | Dry eye (23%), blurry vision (15%), excessive lacrimation (14%), keratitis, limbal stem cell deficiency (unknown) (all together up to 40%) | None reported |
| Drug-antibody conjugates: Sacituzumab govitecan | Periorbital edema (unknown) | None reported |
| Tyrosine kinase inhibitors: Erdafitinib | Central serous retinopathy, dry eyes, conjunctivitis, increased lacrimation, blurry vision, cataracts, keratitis, and corneal erosions (all together up to 21%) | None reported |