Table B1.
Results Household Questionnaire and Observations.
| Not stunted | Stunted | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total, n (%) | 24 (43.6) | 31 (56.4) | 55 (100) |
| Household food insecurity and poverty | |||
| Place collecting the foods you eat, n (%) | (n = 24) | (n = 30) | (n = 54) |
| Forest | |||
| Yes | 24 (100.0) | 30 (100.0) | 54 (100.0) |
| No | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| River | |||
| Yes | 8 (33.3) | 8 (26.7) | 16 (29.6) |
| No | 16 (66.7) | 22 (73.3) | 38 (70.4) |
| Pond | |||
| Yes | 1 (4.2) | 3 (10.0) | 4 (7.4) |
| No | 23 (95.8) | 27 (90.0) | 50 (92.6) |
| Bought | |||
| Yes | 1 (4.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.9) |
| No | 23 (95.8) | 30 (100.0) | 53 (98.1) |
| Thinking it is enough food, n (%) | (n = 24) | (n = 30) | (n = 54) |
| Yes | 1 (4.2) | 1 (3.3) | 2 (3.7) |
| No | 23 (95.8) | 29 (96.7) | 52 (96.3) |
| Which season can you get most food from forest, n (%) | (n = 23) | (n = 30) | (n = 53) |
| Rainy season | 3 (100.0) | 27 (90.0) | 50 (94.3) |
| Dry season | 0 (0.0) | 3 (10.0) | 3 (5.7) |
| Family status, n (%) | (n = 23) | (n = 29) | (n = 52) |
| Rich | 1 (4.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.9) |
| Medium | 11 (47.8) | 17 (58.6) | 28 (53.8) |
| Poor | 11 (47.8) | 12 (41.4) | 23 (44.2) |
| Feeding practices | |||
| Who feeds child, n (%) | (n = 20) | (n = 25) | (n = 45) |
| Mother | 19 (95.0) | 21 (84.0) | 40 (88.9) |
| Father | 1 (5.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.2) |
| Grandmother | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.0) | 1 (2.2) |
| Eats by him or herself | 0 (0.0) | 3 (12.0) | 3 (6.7) |
| Cooked food yesterday, n (%) | (n = 24) | (n = 30) | (n = 54) |
| Bamboo soup | |||
| Yes | 13 (54.2) | 19 (63.3) | 32 (69.3) |
| No | 11 (45.8) | 11 (36.7) | 22 (40.7) |
| (Boiled/mixed) vegetables | |||
| Yes | 5 (20.8) | 6 (20.0) | 11 (20.4) |
| No | 19 (79.2) | 24 (80.0) | 43 (79.6) |
| Chili paste | |||
| Yes | 5 (20.8) | 6 (20.0) | 11 (20.4) |
| No | 19 (79.2) | 24 (80.0) | 43 (79.6) |
| Fish soup | |||
| Yes | 5 (20.8) | 2 (6.7) | 7 (13.0) |
| No | 19 (79.2) | 28 (93.3) | 47 (87.0) |
| Boiled bamboo | |||
| Yes | 1 (4.2) | 1 (3.3) | 2 (3.7) |
| No | 23 (95.8) | 29 (96.7) | 52 (96.3) |
| Other | |||
| Yes | 6 (25.0) | 5 (16.7) | 11 (20.4) |
| No | 18 (75.0) | 25 (83.3) | 43 (79.6) |
| Number of different foods eaten yesterday, mean (SD) | (n = 24) 1.5 (0.7) |
(n = 31) 1.4 (0.6) |
(n = 55) 1.4 (0.6) |
| When food shortage, food for children below the age of 2, n (%) | (n = 13) | (n = 12) | (n = 25) |
| Only rice | 9 (69.2) | 5 (41.7) | 14 (56.0) |
| Rice and milk | 3 (23.1) | 4 (33.3) | 7 (28.0) |
| Milk | 0 (0.0) | 2 (16.7) | 2 (8.0) |
| Dried noodles (bought) | 1 (7.7) | 1 (8.3) | 2 (8.0) |
| Care and hygiene practices | |||
| Health problems children last 2 weeks, n (%) | (n = 20) | (n = 29) | (n = 49) |
| Stomachache/diarrhea | |||
| Yes | 7 (35.0) | 10 (34.5) | 17 (34.7) |
| No | 13 (65.0) | 19 (65.5) | 32 (65.3) |
| Fever | |||
| Yes | 4 (20.0) | 5 (17.2) | 9 (18.4) |
| No | 16 (80.0) | 24 (82.8) | 40 (81.6) |
| Cough | |||
| Yes | 3 (15.0) | 5 (17.2) | 8 (16.3) |
| No | 17 (85.0) | 24 (82.8) | 41 (83.7) |
| Malaria | |||
| Yes | 1 (5.0) | 2 (6.9) | 3 (6.1) |
| No | 19 (95.0) | 27 (93.1) | 46 (93.9) |
| Headache | |||
| Yes | 2 (10.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (4.1) |
| No | 18 (90.0) | 29 (100.0) | 47 (95.9) |
| Attended health center, n (%) | (n = 23) | (n = 28) | (n = 51) |
| Yes | 18 (78.3) | 19 (67.9) | 37 (72.5) |
| No | 5 (21.7) | 9 (32.1) | 14 (27.5) |
| Vaccinated child, n (%) | (n = 23) | (n = 29) | (n = 52) |
| Yes | 20 (87.0) | 22 (75.9) | 42 (80.8) |
| No | 3 (13.0) | 7 (24.1) | 10 (19.2) |
| Antibiotics for worms, n (%) | (n = 23) | (n = 29) | (n = 52) |
| Yes | 20 (87.0) | 23 (79.3) | 43 (82.7) |
| No | 3 (13.0) | 6 (20.7) | 9 (17.3) |
| Received vitamins, n (%) | (n = 23) | (n = 29) | (n = 52) |
| Yes | 13 (56.5) | 11 (37.9) | 24 (46.2) |
| No | 10 (43.5) | 18 (62.1) | 28 (53.8) |
| Techniques for cleaning water, n (%) | (n = 24) | (n = 30) | (n = 54) |
| Boiling | 13 (54.2) | 11 (36.7) | 24 (44.4) |
| Sometimes boiling | 4 (16.7) | 6 (20.0) | 10 (18.5) |
| Not boiling | 7 (29.2) | 13 (43.3) | 20 (37.0) |
| Washed products before cooking, n (%) | (n = 23) | (n = 30) | (n = 53) |
| Yes | 23 (100.0) | 30 (100.0) | 53 (100.0) |
| No | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Hand washing practices, n (%) | (n = 24) | (n = 30) | (n = 54) |
| Before and after eating | 17 (70.8) | 24 (80.0) | 41 (75.9) |
| Before cooking | 4 (16.7) | 7 (23.3) | 11 (20.4) |
| Before eating | 4 (16.7) | 3 (10.0) | 7 (13.0) |
| Morning, afternoon, evening | 2 (8.3) | 6 (20.0) | 8 (14.8) |
| Frequency per day | 2 (8.3) | 1 (3.3) | 3 (5.6) |
| Before feeding | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.3) | 1 (1.9) |
| Household environment | |||
| Type of house (%) | (n = 23) | (n = 30) | (n = 53) |
| Stilt house | 20 (87.0) | 30 (100.0) | 50 (94.3) |
| (Small) hut | 2 (8.7) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.8) |
| Wooden house | 1 (4.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.9) |
| House structure, n (%) | (n = 23) | (n = 30) | (n = 53) |
| Roof | |||
| Steel | 18 (78.3) | 23 (76.7) | 41 (77.4) |
| Grass | 3 (13.0) | 4 (13.3) | 7 (13.2) |
| Tile | 2 (8.7) | 3 (10.0) | 5 (9.4) |
| Wall | |||
| Wooden | 17 (73.9) | 24 (80.0) | 41 (77.4) |
| Bamboo | 6 (26.1) | 6 (20.0) | 12 (22.6) |
| Floor | |||
| Wooden | 19 (82.6) | 28 (93.3) | 47 (88.7) |
| Earth | 1 (4.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.9) |
| Bamboo | 3 (13.0) | 2 (6.7) | 5 (9.4) |
| Water source for hand washing and cooking, n (%) | (n = 24) | (n = 31) | (n = 55) |
| River water | |||
| Yes | 12 (50.0) | 11 (35.5) | 23 (41.8) |
| No | 12 (50.0) | 20 (64.5) | 32 (58.2) |
| Underground water | |||
| Yes | 12 (50.0) | 10 (32.3) | 22 (40.0) |
| No | 12 (50.0) | 21 (67.7) | 33 (60.0) |
| Spring water | |||
| Yes | 4 (16.7) | 13 (41.9) | 17 (30.9) |
| No | 20 (83.3) | 18 (58.1) | 38 (69.1) |
| Satisfied with water, n (%) | (n = 21) | (n = 23) | (n = 44) |
| Yes | 9 (42.9) | 13 (56.5) | 22 (50.0) |
| No | 12 (57.1) | 10 (43.5) | 22 (50.0) |
| Knowledge | |||
| Knowledge benefits of handwashing, n (%) | (n = 23) | (n = 30) | (n = 53) |
| Good for health/prevent diseases | |||
| Yes | 16 (69.6) | 24 (80.0) | 40 (75.5) |
| No | 7 (30.4) | 6 (20.0) | 13 (24.5) |
| Is clean | |||
| Yes | 11 (47.8) | 18 (60.0) | 29 (54.7) |
| No | 12 (52.2) | 12 (40.0) | 24 (45.3) |
| Has good benefits | |||
| Yes | 4 (17.4) | 3 (10.0) | 7 (13.2) |
| No | 19 (82.6) | 27 (90.0) | 46 (86.8) |
| Knowledge about open defecation, n (%) | (n = 24) | (n = 30) | (n = 54) |
| Difficult | |||
| Yes | 7 (29.2) | 16 (53.3) | 23 (42.6) |
| No | 17 (70.8) | 14 (46.7) | 31 (57.4) |
| Causes disease | |||
| Yes | 10 (41.7) | 8 (26.7) | 18 (33.3) |
| No | 14 (58.3) | 22 (73.3) | 36 (66.7) |
| Is unclean | |||
| Yes | 6 (25.0) | 4 (13.3) | 10 (18.5) |
| No | 18 (75.0) | 26 (86.7) | 44 (81.5) |
| There are mosquitoes/worms/other animals | |||
| Yes | 6 (25.0) | 5 (16.7) | 11 (20.4) |
| No | 18 (75.0) | 25 (83.3) | 43 (79.6) |
| Perception child compared to other children, n (%) | (n = 23) | (n = 29) | (n = 52) |
| Strong | |||
| Yes | 3 (13.0) | 5 (17.2) | 8 (15.4) |
| No | 20 (87.0) | 24 (82.8) | 44 (84.6) |
| Normal | |||
| Yes | 9 (39.1) | 9 (31.0) | 18 (34.6) |
| No | 14 (60.9) | 20 (69.0) | 34 (65.4) |
| Thin | |||
| Yes | 11 (47.8) | 17 (58.6) | 28 (53.8) |
| No | 12 (52.2) | 12 (41.4) | 24 (46.2) |
| Short/small | |||
| Yes | 5 (21.7) | 3 (10.3) | 8 (15.4) |
| No | 18 (78.3) | 26 (89.7) | 44 (84.6) |
| Motivation | |||
| Who skipped food if there was not enough, n (%) | (n = 24) | (n = 29) | (n = 53) |
| Everyone starves | 1 (4.2) | 5 (17.2) | 6 (11.3) |
| Parents starve for children | 8 (33.3) | 8 (27.6) | 16 (30.2) |
| Parents eat differently | 2 (8.3) | 1 (3.4) | 3 (5.7) |
| Everyone eats differently | 1 (4.2) | 2 (6.9) | 3 (5.7) |
| Food is for children and mother (father starves) | 2 (8.3) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.8) |
| Nobody starves | 10 (41.7) | 13 (44.8) | 23 (43.4) |
| Earning income, n (%) | (n = 23) | (n = 30) | (n = 53) |
| Yes | 17 (73.9) | 23 (76.7) | 40 (75.9) |
| No | 6 (26.1) | 7 (23.3) | 13 (24.1) |
| Way of receiving income, n (%) | (n = 24) | (n = 30) | (n = 54) |
| Selling food and animals | |||
| Yes | 12 (50.0) | 17 (56.7) | 29 (53.7) |
| No | 12 (50.0) | 13 (43.3) | 25 (46.3) |
| Working on farm/factory | |||
| Yes | 6 (25.0) | 4 (13.1) | 10 (18.5) |
| No | 18 (75.0) | 26 (86.7) | 44 (81.5) |
| Others | |||
| Yes | 0 (0.0) | 3 (10.0) | 3 (5.5) |
| No | 27 (90.0) | 51 (94.5) | |
Abbreviations: n, number of people; SD, standard deviation.