Histomorphological analysis of newly formed tissue by hematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining (A) and Masson staining (B) at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery. (C) and (D) Quantitative analysis of new bone tissue in the defect area. (n = 3, each group). (E) Immunofluorescence images of endogenous cells (CD31, green, and vWF, red) and DAPI (blue) in new tissue sections at 12 weeks after operation. ∗p < 0.05. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)