Fig. 4.
In vitro evaluation of osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in 3D-bioprinted scaffolds. (A) Alkaline phosphatase staining of hydrogel scaffolds induced by osteogenesis for 7 and 14 days. (B) Alizarin red S staining of hydrogel scaffolds induced by osteogenesis for 7 and 14 days. (C) Alkaline phosphatase staining of dissolved hydrogel scaffolds induced by osteogenesis for 14 days under microscopic observation. (D) Alizarin red S staining of dissolved hydrogel scaffolds induced by osteogenesis for 14 days under microscopic observation. (E) Quantitative analysis of alkaline phosphatase activity. (n = 4, each group). (F) Quantitative analysis of mineralized nodules. (n = 4, each group). ∗p < 0.05. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)