Table 1.
Mean (continuous variables) and proportion (categorical variables) differences in cognitive function, socioeconomic status, and demographics of adolescents aged 12–16 years are presented by consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in NANESIII, 1988–1994.
| Frequency of intake of SSBs | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristicsa | Total | [0, 1) times/week | [1, 4) times/week |
[4, 7)
times/week |
[7, 182]
times/week |
χ2/F | P-value |
| No. of participants (%) | 1,809 (100) | 492 (27.20) | 669 (35.83) | 419 (24.04) | 229 (12.93) | ||
| Age, y [mean (SE)] | 13.99 (0.05) | 13.84 (0.09) | 13.89 (0.07) | 14.03 (0.06) | 14.50 (0.13) | 13.88 | <0.001 |
| Sex, N (%) | |||||||
| Male | 846 (51.83) | 198 (41.26) | 332 (54.70) | 211 (59.28) | 105 (52.29) | 13.66 | 0.01 |
| Female | 963 (48.17) | 294 (58.74) | 337 (45.30) | 208 (40.70) | 124 (47.71) | ||
| Race/ethnicity, N (%) | |||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 486 (67.74) | 120 (62.86) | 173 (65.73) | 126 (71.65) | 67 (76.27) | 22.88 | 0.01 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 636 (14.48) | 194 (16.16) | 214 (14.01) | 140 (12.86) | 88 (15.28) | ||
| Mexican-American | 601 (7.92) | 149 (7.93) | 250 (9.23) | 132 (6.87) | 70 (6.22) | ||
| Other | 86 (9.86) | 29 (13.06) | 32 (11.02) | 21 (8.62) | 4 (2.23) | ||
| Family reference person married/living as married, N (%) | |||||||
| Yes | 1,242 (74.81) | 350 (75.77) | 463 (73.55) | 284 (77.27) | 145 (71.74) | 1.22 | 0.75 |
| No | 567 (25.19) | 142 (24.23) | 206 (26.45) | 135 (22.73) | 84 (28.26) | ||
| Family reference person education level, N (%) | |||||||
| Below high school | 510 (15.84) | 124 (15.52) | 198 (12.63) | 113 (17.94) | 75 (21.50) | 6.24 | 0.38 |
| High school | 815 (43.56) | 229 (42.32) | 293 (43.55) | 193 (44.34) | 100 (44.72) | ||
| College or above | 484 (40.61) | 139 (42.16) | 178 (43.82) | 113 (37.73) | 54 (33.78) | ||
| Family income to poverty ratio, N (%) | |||||||
| ≤ 1.30 | 772 (27.33) | 219 (31.72) | 285 (25.79) | 167 (23.33) | 101 (29.79) | 16.51 | 0.06 |
| 1.31–3.50 | 696 (46.39) | 183 (42.96) | 253 (43.52) | 178 (54.20) | 83 (47.05) | ||
| > 3.50 | 194 (20.63) | 57 (18.10) | 76 (26.21) | 36 (15.24) | 25 (20.47) | ||
| Missing | 147 (5.66) | 33 (7.23) | 55 (4.48) | 38 (7.23) | 21 (2.68) | ||
| Residence, N (%) | |||||||
| Urban residence | 835 (46.18) | 240 (52.70) | 302 (44.66) | 205 (47.56) | 88 (34.10) | 6.25 | 0.10 |
| Rural residence | 974 (53.82) | 252 (47.30) | 367 (55.34) | 214 (52.45) | 141 (65.90) | ||
| Physical activityb, N (%) | |||||||
| Yes | 970 (58.09) | 232 (52.92) | 368 (61.53) | 237 (59.02) | 133 (57.72) | 3.61 | 0.31 |
| No | 839 (41.91) | 260 (47.08) | 301 (38.47) | 182 (40.98) | 96 (42.28) | ||
| BMIc, kg/m2, N (%) | |||||||
| Normal or below | 1,209 (70.49) | 330 (70.77) | 448 (69.67) | 276 (69.63) | 155 (73.80) | 1.31 | 0.97 |
| Overweight | 333 (18.34) | 92 (17.68) | 117 (18.41) | 77 (19.01) | 47 (18.27) | ||
| Obesity | 267 (11.17) | 70 (11.55) | 104 (11.93) | 66 (11.37) | 27 (7.93) | ||
| Carbohydrate intake, %kcal, N (%) | |||||||
| <45 | 392 (17.24) | 120 (21.13) | 152 (16.67) | 78 (15.49) | 42 (13.86) | 4.03 | 0.67 |
| 45–65 | 1,252 (70.30) | 325 (65.72) | 459 (72.19) | 298 (73.03) | 170 (69.62) | ||
| >65 | 165 (12.46) | 47 (13.15) | 58 (11.14) | 43 (11.48) | 17 (16.52) | ||
| WRAT-R | |||||||
| Arithmetic, N (%) | |||||||
| <5% percentile scores | 107 (4.13) | 37 (6.00) | 33 (3.32) | 24 (2.16) | 13 (6.10) | 4.07 | 0.25 |
| ≥5% percentile scores | 1,702 (95.87) | 455 (94.00) | 636 (96.68) | 395 (97.84) | 216 (93.90) | ||
| Reading, N (%) | |||||||
| <5% percentile scores | 122 (3.89) | 37 (5.35) | 40 (3.18) | 27 (2.10) | 18 (6.16) | 5.00 | 0.17 |
| ≥5% percentile scores | 1,687 (96.11) | 455 (94.65) | 629 (96.82) | 392 (97.90) | 211 (93.84) | ||
| WISC-R | |||||||
| Block design, N (%) | |||||||
| <5% percentile scores | 94 (3.18) | 31 (3.91) | 22 (1.88) | 19 (2.52) | 22 (6.47) | 6.02 | 0.11 |
| ≥5% percentile scores | 1,715 (96.82) | 461 (96.09) | 647 (98.12) | 400 (97.48) | 207 (93.53) | ||
| Digit span, N (%) | |||||||
| <5% percentile scores | 94 (3.30) | 35 (5.45) | 28 (2.30) | 18 (1.18) | 13 (5.50) | 8.35 | 0.04 |
| ≥5% percentile scores | 1,715 (96.70) | 457 (94.55) | 641 (97.79) | 401 (98.82) | 216 (94.50) | ||
Data source: NHANES III, National Health Interview Survey III, 1988-1994.
All means and SEs for continuous variables and percentages and SEs for categorical variables were weighted, with the exception of the number of participants. Since all numbers were rounded, percentages may not total 100%. Data are presented as weighted means and standard errors in parentheses for continuous variables and frequencies and weighted percentages in parentheses for categorical variables. BMI, body mass index; SE, standard error.
The adolescents were classified as being physically active most days of the week if adolescents reported participating in physical activity at least five times per week.
Overweight: 85th to less than the 95th percentile; obesity: equal to or greater than the 95th percentile.