Table 5. Cutoff BMD values and T-scores for osteopenia and osteoporosis based on literature data: women’s total hip.

Studies	BMDyoung	SDyoung	Ageold	BMDold	SDold	T-score ≤−1.0			T-score ≤−2.5			Prevalence =29%¶			Prevalence =6.7% §
						BMDlow	Prevalence (%)		BMDos	Prevalence (%)		BMDlow	T-score		BMDos	T-score
US White [2012] (52)#	0.971	0.114	≥50	0.830	0.140	0.857	57.55		0.686	15.15
	0.971	0.114	≥60	0.806	0.135	0.857	64.69		0.686	18.74
US Black [2012] (52)	1.036	0.147	≥50	0.901	0.164	0.889	47.07		0.669	7.86
Canada white [2008] (79)			≥50**							11.3
Argentina [2016] (80)			≥50							6.2
US Amerindian [2016] (81)			50–79							8.4
ML Chinese [2007] (64)	0.956	0.120	50–89	0.851	0.140	0.835	45.55		0.655	8.01		0.774	−1.510		0.641	−2.609
US Chinese [2006] (61)	0.902	0.110	50–89	0.781	0.117	0.792	53.85		0.627	9.42		0.716	−1.689		0.606	−2.695
Hong Kong [2005] (51)^	0.89	0.11	≥60	0.751	0.115	0.780	60.00		0.615	11.85		0.699	−1.743		0.599	−2.642
Japan [2001] (63)##	0.886	0.107	50–79	0.748	0.125	0.779	59.87		0.618	14.94		0.679	−1.932		0.561	−3.034
Korea [2014] (66)	0.889	0.102	≥50	0.765	0.205^^	0.787	54.20		0.634	26.12		0.652	−2.322		0.458	−4.229

^#, cited reference and the year of publication (see reference list). Age in years. BMD unit in g/cm². **, mean age: 65.0±9.4 (SD) years. ^¶, assuming the reference Caucasian have an osteopenia prevalence of 58%, the osteopenia prevalence for Chinese women ≥50 years old is assumed to be 29%. ^§, based on the US and Canadian Caucasian data and also those of femoral neck results, the osteoporosis prevalence for Chinese women ≥50 years old is assumed to be 6.7%, which could be an aggressive estimation (i.e., the real prevalence could be even lower), as some studies showed hip fragility fracture prevalence of older Chinese women is close to 40% of that of Caucasians (3). Data of Latin American and US Amerindian are listed as reference. Argentina has a high percentage of population with European ancestry. ^, for Hong Kong data, it is assumed that, for subjects ≥60 years, osteopenia prevalence and osteoporosis prevalence is 32.35% and 9.37% respectively. ^##, Bow et al. (78) reported that Japanese and Hong Kong Chinese have very similar age-specific hip fragility fracture prevalences. ^^, this SD value is large. BMD, bone mineral density; ML, mainland; BMD_young, adopted value as the reference BMD; SD_young, standard deviation of the reference young subject data; BMD_old, measured BMD of the subjects ≥50 years old; SD_old, standard deviation of the subjects ≥50 years old; BMD_low, the cutpoint to define osteopenia; BMD_os, the cutpoint to define osteoporosis.