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. 2022 Aug 11;13:949835. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.949835

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Copyright © 2022 Li, Peng, Yu, Xu, Han, Yang, Li, Hu, Liu, Yang, Xu, Chen, Wang and Li.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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DHA reprogrammed macrophages into the M1 phenotype in tumor tissues. (A) The expression of CD11b, which is a biomarker of macrophages, was assayed by IHC. In addition, M1 phenotypic molecules, such as iNOS, MHC-II, and GBP5, were detected through IHC as well. (B,C) F4/80/iNOS and F4/80/GBP5 double-positive cells in the tumor grafts were counted. (D,E) The infiltration and phenotypic remodeling of macrophages were assayed by multiple immunofluorescent staining of F4/80 and iNOS, GBP5. Green fluorescence came from F4/80. Red fluorescence came from iNOS or GBP5. Yellow fluorescence represented F4/80/iNOS or F4/80/GBP5 double-positive cells (type-I macrophages). Values were means ± SD (n = 3, *p < 0.05 when compared with the control group).