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. 2022 Aug 25;310:115308. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115308

Table 3.

Average length of visit to grocery & pharmacy locations after reopening.

M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
M6
One week One week Two weeks Two weeks Three weeks Three weeks
Policy Stringency
Social distancing policies 10.9557** 6.7038 15.4846*** 11.4607** 14.9524*** 10.9943**
(3.8729) (3.8980) (3.9680) (4.0808) (4.0174) (4.1539)
Pro-social character index −4.4185 4.5264 −5.4632* 2.4689 −6.1140* 2.3831
(2.3130) (3.8648) (2.3463) (3.9330) (2.3721) (3.9671)
Social distancing policies x −6.0283*** −5.6758** −5.6211**
Pro-social character index (1.7945) (1.8002) (1.8223)
Cognitive Bias
Days of shelter in place .7169 .2811 1.3742*** .9656* 1.4356*** 1.0288*
(.3668) (.3868) (.3810) (.4047) (.3845) (.4084)
Community Coordination
Nonprofit organization .1246 .0382 .2391 .1341 .2321 .1591
(.2293) (.2964) (.2272) (.2902) (.2302) (.2911)
Nonprofit organization x .2940 .3756 .2426
Pro-social character index (.5305) (.5145) (.4972)
Control
Female −.1040 −.2281 −.0253 −.1327 −.1355 −.2542
(.3291) (.3317) (.3293) (.3344) (.3250) (.3295)
Age under 17 .7307** .8043*** .7740** .8399*** .7404** .8102***
(.2318) (.2353) (.2348) (.2400) (.2338) (.2393)
Age 65+ .3022 .3500 .3102 .3559 .3261 .3705
(.2000) (.1912) (.2059) (.1969) (.2112) (.2024)
Some college −.0950 −.1009 −.0564 −.0604 −.0044 −.0103
(.0693) (.0693) (.0692) (.0692) (.0716) (.0712)
Asian −.4303** −.4282** −.4663** −.4668** −.4915** −.4887**
(.1535) (.1586) (.1605) (.1641) (.1649) (.1682)
Black −.0150 −.0080 −.0262 −.0184 −.0334 −.0273
(.0589) (.0589) (.0592) (.0594) (.0590) (.0589)
Hispanic −.2470*** −.2655*** −.2382*** −.2559*** −.2291*** −.2463***
(.0634) (.0618) (.0664) (.0652) (.0674) (.0664)
Household median income −.0001* −.0001* −.0001* −.0001 −.0001** −.0001*
(.0000) (.0000) (.0000) (.0000) (.0000) (.0000)
Population density −.0001 −.0001 −.0001 −.0002 −.0002 −.0002
(.0001) (.0001) (.0001) (.0001) (.0001) (.0001)
Unemployment rate 1.3976 1.1949 1.4387 1.2468 1.6588 1.4702
(1.1702) (1.0966) (1.2234) (1.1512) (1.3002) (1.2275)
Poverty −.3327* −.2762 −.3238 −.2746 −.3628* −.3089
(.1632) (.1564) (.1660) (.1590) (.1718) (.1646)
Rural index .5428* .5288* .4407 .4309 .4525 .4384
(.2649) (.2609) (.2623) (.2592) (.2580) (.2553)
Voted for Trump in 2016 .1026 .0967 .1148 .1098 .1105 .1048
(.0633) (.0629) (.0644) (.0644) (.0641) (.0640)
Cumulative confirmed cases −.0430 −.0322 −.0324 −.0201 −.0261 −.0167
(.0542) (.0533) (.0564) (.0556) (.0599) (.0594)
Constant −52.7595 −26.0301 −92.4151** −67.6796* −89.3709** −64.3094*
(30.1255) (30.7970) (30.6832) (31.6369) (30.6306) (31.5801)
N 1117 1117 1117 1117 1117 1117
R2 .471 .482 .460 .470 .468 .477
Adjusted R2 .445 .455 .433 .443 .441 .450

*p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01; Robust standard errors are in parenthesis; State dummies are omitted from the table.