Table 2. Summary of Case Reports/Case Series Focusing on Pain-Control Measures.

First author, year	Age, sex	Procedure	Comorbid conditions	Recommendations/conclusions
Edquist, 202015	48, male	Bilateral cryoneurolysis of pudendal and sciatic nerves	ESRD	Image-guided neurolysis may be used to treat refractory pain as an alternative to amputation.
Green, 200016	51, male	Neurolytic lumbar sympathetic block	ESRD	Lumbar sympathetic blockade should be considered for pain management.
Mach, 202117	78, male	Ultrasound-guided dorsal penile nerve block with 4% phenol	ESRD, diabetes, heart failure	US-guided phenol nerve blocks may be used for long-term targeted neurolysis to manage refractory pain.
Polizzotto, 200618	54, female	Subcutaneous ketamine infusion (500 mg), sufentanil (900 mcg)	ESRD, obesity, hypertension, anxiety	An opioid, benzodiazepine, and ketamine combination was most successful in pain control. In the choice of an opioid, renal failure status should be considered.
Polizzotto, 200618	65, female	Subcutaneous fentanyl infusion (300 mcg) with 40 mcg boluses for breakthrough pain, midazolam (2.5 mg)	ESRD, bipolar affective disorder, Parkinson disease, diabetes, obesity, ischemic heart disease	See above.
Polizzotto, 200618	59, female	Subcutaneous infusion of sufentanil (80 mcg), midazolam (15 mg), haloperidol (2.5 mg), subcutaneous ketamine (50 mg)	ESRD, diabetes, obesity, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, alcohol dependence	See above.
Sato, 200119	50, female	Morphine and epidural nerve block	ESRD, hyperparathyroidism	Morphine and epidural nerve block were unsuccessful in controlling pain. Early diagnosis and avoidance of precipitating factors, such as corticosteroids, are important.

Abbreviation: ESRD, end-stage renal disease.