Table 2.
Comparison of characteristics of patients with and without HFHFS.
| Characteristics | Non-HFHFS (n = 128) | HFHFS (n = 40) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristics at admission | |||
| Age (years) | 85.0 (82.0, 89.0) | 86.0 (84.0, 90.0) | 0.251 |
| Male gender | 39 (30.5) | 7 (17.5) | 0.154 |
| Type of fracture (femoral neck) | 53 (41.4) | 17 (42.5) | 1.000 |
| Comorbidities | 105 (82.0) | 31 (77.5) | 0.645 |
| Hypertension | 59 (46.1) | 19 (47.5) | 1.000 |
| Diabetes | 30 (23.4) | 8 (20.0) | 0.675 |
| Chronic heart disease | 18 (14.1) | 12 (30.0)※ | 0.032 |
| Chronic lung disease | 15 (11.7) | 15 (12.5) | 1.000 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 6 (4.7) | 1 (2.6) | 0.687 |
| Chronic CNS disease | 28 (21.9) | 7 (17.5) | 0.659 |
| Stage of Heart Failure (≥ grade B) | 76 (59.4) | 32 (80.0)※ | 0.023 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 67 (63, 70) | 65 (60, 70) | 0.233 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 136.6 ± 19.3 | 127.3 ± 20.6※ | 0.009 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74.1 ± 10.9 | 70.5 ± 10.9 | 0.109 |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 84.5 (77.1, 93.0) | 82.0 (68.3, 98.5) | 0.437 |
| Red blood cell count (×109 per L) | 3.7 ± 0.7 | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 0.878 |
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | 110.0 ± 21.1 | 111.0 ± 19.6 | 0.810 |
| High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (pg/mL) | 16.0 (10.3, 22.0) | 16.0 (11.0, 33.0) | 0.283 |
| Pro-brain natriuretic peptide (pg/mL) | 362.3 (215.1, 700.0) | 484.4 (287.7, 1419.0)※ | 0.040 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 36.0 (32.9, 38.5) | 36.1 (32.5, 38.9) | 0.885 |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 67.4 (54.0, 87.0) | 63.5 (52.3, 82.8) | 0.668 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 6.6 (5.8, 8.0) | 6.7 (5.6, 8.2) | 0.829 |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.0 (3.7, 4.3) | 4.0 (3.7, 4.3) | 0.597 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 140.0 (138.0, 142.0) | 139.5 (137.0, 141.0) | 0.198 |
| Calcium (mmol/L) |
2.2 ± 0.1 |
2.2 ± 0.1 |
0.546 |
| Clinical characteristics on the day of surgery | |||
| Time-to-surgery (days) | 6.0 (4.0, 9.0) | 6.0 (4.0, 12.0) | 0.576 |
| Operation time (min) | 49.0 (40.0, 60.0) | 50.0 (40.0, 68.8) | 0.865 |
| Estimated intraoperative blood loss (mL) | 100.0 (80.0, 117.5) | 100.0 (80.0, 100.0) | 0.470 |
| Postoperative hemoglobin (g/L)† | 94.8 ± 15.7 | 94.2 ± 18.8 | 0.836 |
| Total venous input (mL) | 3068.6 ± 580.1 | 3309.5 ± 496.4※ | 0.019 |
| Positive fluid balance (mL) | 1971.5 ± 824.7 | 2289.2 ± 668.5※ | 0.028 |
| Average hourly urine output (mL) | 58.9 (42.3–82.9) | 56.7 (39.1–67.2) | 0.192 |
| Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II score | 9.0 (8.0, 11.0) | 11.5 (8.0, 14.0)※ | 0.002 |
| Blood transfusion | 50 (39.1) | 25 (62.5)※ | 0.011 |
| Human albumins infusion | 43 (33.6) | 22 (55.0)※ | 0.017 |
| Diuretic injection | 20 (15.6) | 11 (27.5) | 0.105 |
| Sedatives injection | 15 (11.7) | 13 (32.5)※ | 0.004 |
Abbreviations: HFHFS, hypotension following hip fracture surgery.
Note: ※Compared with non-HFHFS group, P < 0.05; † Based on the results of arterial blood gas analysis performed immediately after surgery.