TABLE 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics stratified by HIV status and anatomical site.
| PLWH (N = 23¥) | SN (N = 16) | |||||
|
|
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| Adenoids | Tonsils | p | Adenoids | Tonsils | p | |
|
Gender (n,%) M F |
12 (100%) 0 |
12 (100%) 0 |
>0.999 |
5 (45.45%) 6 (54.55%) |
2 (40%) 3 (60%) |
>0.999 |
| Age (mean, min-max) | 34 (25–43) | 31.42 (19–51) | 0.228 | 33.82 (20–55) | 31 (26–34) | 0.933 |
| Surgical indications (n,%) Inflammatory1 Obstructive2 |
2 (16.67%) 10 (83.33%) |
11 (91.67%) 1 (8.33%) |
<0.001 |
2 (18.18%) 9 (81.82%) |
5 (100%) 0 |
0.005 |
| PO complications3 (n,%) | 1 (4.17%) | 2 (8.33%) | >0.999 | 1 (6.25%) | 0 (100%) | >0.999 |
| HBV (+) serology (n,%) | 1 (4.17%) | 1 (4.17%) | >0.999 | 0 | 1 (6.25%) | 0.313 |
| HCV (+) serology (n,%) | 1 (4.17%) | 2 (8.33%) | 0.590 | 0 | 0 | >0.999 |
| Smoking (+)4 (n,%) | 4 (33.33%) | 6 (50%) | 0.680 | 7 (63.64%) | 2 (40%) | 0.569 |
| Alcohol consumption (+)4 (n,%) | 7 (58.33) | 7 (58.33) | >0.999 | 8 (72.73%) | 5 (100%) | 0.509 |
| Use of drugs (+)4 (n,%) | 5 (41.67%) | 4 (33.33%) | >0.999 | 1 (9.09%) | 1 (20%) | >0.999 |
| Previous antibiotic therapy5 (n,%) | 3 (25%) | 3 (25%) | >0.999 | 1 (9.09%) | 2 (40%) | >0.999 |
| Use of mouthwash+ (n,%) | 7 (45.67%) | 8 (66.67%) | >0.999 | 10 (90.91%) | 4 (80%) | >0.999 |
| Use of dental floss+ (n,%) | 5 (33.33%) | 6 (50%) | >0.999 | 7 (63.64%) | 2 (40%) | 0.597 |
| ART (n,%) 2 NRTI + 1 NNRTI 2 NRTI + 1 IP 2 NRTI + 1 INSTI PrEP (TDF/FTC) |
9 (75%) 3 (25%) 0 0 |
10 (83.33%) 0 2 (16.67%) 0 |
>0.999 | – |
0 0 0 1 (20%) |
– |
| Presence of oral diseasesx (n,%) Dental caries Gingivitis Stomatitis |
8 (66.67%) 7 (87.5%) 6 (75%) 0 (0%) |
9 (75%) 8 (88.89%) 5 (55.56%) 1 (11.11%) |
>0.999 | 8 (72.73%) 8 (100%) 1 (12.5%) 2 (25%) |
3 (60%) 3 (100%) 1 (33.33%) 0 |
>0.999 |
| Time from HIV diagnosis to surgery (months; mean, SD) | 74 (7.01) | 68.75 (58.91) | 0.695 | – | – | – |
| Time since ART initiation to surgery (months; mean, SD) | 53.5 (34.47) | 53.42 (40.59) | 0.893 | – | – | – |
| Time from HIV diagnosis to ART (days; mean, SD) | 627.5 (986.8) | 501.9 (1,129) | 0.439 | – | – | – |
| Plasma viral load (copies/mL; median, IQR) At HIV diagnosis Pre-operative |
157,505 (34,703–1,257,650) 40 (40–40) |
146,363 (10,993–518,302) 40 (40–44.5) |
0.898 0.446 |
– | – | – |
| Nadir CD4 (median, IQR) | 214.5 (23.75–429.8) | 249.5 (67.75–395) | 0.525 | – | – | – |
| CD4 cells/mm3 (median, IQR) | 723 (433.3–956) | 592.5 (433.3–916.5) | 0.449 | 941 (635.5–1,254) | 1,228 (991.8–1,461) | 0.260 |
| CD8 cells/mm3 (median, IQR) | 958 (630–1,241) | 918.5 (773.8–1,207) | 0.976 | 577 (367.5–852.5) | 798 (579.5–897.3) | 0.414 |
| CD4/CD8 ratio (median, IQR) | 0.74 (0.537–1) | 0.725 (0.605–0.8975) | 0.555 | 1.58 (1.285–1.78) | 1.635 (1.203–2.15) | 0.940 |
Fisher’s exact test and Wilcoxon Rank Sum test were used to compare categorical and continuous variables, respectively.
¥Of note, one PLWH has both tonsillectomy and septoplasty performed on the same day, with both adenoids and tonsils been collected for this subject, hence why the number of PLWH does not match with the number of anatomical sites.
1Includes chronic and recurrent tonsillitis, tonsil cyst, Thornwaldt cyst and sinusitis.
2Includes septal deviation, turbinate hypertrophy and nasal valve collapse. OSAS in case of tonsil’s surgery.
3Parosmia, dysgeusia, post-tonsillectomy bleeding and wound infection, respectively.
4Formerly or current.
5Used formerly or 1 month before the surgery.
+Used 2 times per week or more.
xDiagnosed at the time of the study.
%, percentage; ART, antiretroviral therapy; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; PLWH, people living with HIV; PrEP, pre-exposure prophylaxis; OSAS, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome; PO, post-operative; mL, milliliter; mm3, cubic millimeter; n, number; SD, standard deviation; and SN: seronegative.