Table 1.
Comparison of soil physicochemical properties of rice monoculture and rice–fish co-culture fields.
| Soil Properties | Rice Monoculture | Rice–fish Co-Culture |
T | Sig. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pH (1:2.5) | 4.7 ± 0.3 | 6.0 ± 0.2 | 8.031 | ** |
| BD (Mg m−3) | 1.4 ± 0.02 | 1.4 ± 0.02 | −2.414 | * |
| OM (%) | 2.1 ± 0.4 | 3.4 ± 0.2 | 6.997 | ** |
| SOC (Mg C ha−1) | 51.0 ± 9.2 | 80.9 ± 3.5 | 13.878 | ** |
| TN (%) | 0.3 ± 0.01 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 15.637 | ** |
| ECe (dS m−1) | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 0.4 ± 0.01 | −3.636 | ** |
| Avail. P (mg kg−1) | 13.6 ± 1.9 | 20.0 ± 0.9 | 6.928 | ** |
| Avail. K (mg kg−1) | 162.8 ± 6.2 | 170.0 ± 4.1 | 2.182 | NS |
| Avail. Ca (mg kg−1) | 2554.4 ± 85.2 | 2279.0 ± 90.0 | −4.967 | ** |
| Avail. Mg (mg kg−1) | 225.0 ± 5.6 | 175.1 ± 3.6 | −16.709 | ** |
| Sand (%) | 17.4 ± 0.9 | 10.1 ± 0.8 | −14.141 | ** |
| Silt (%) | 42.0 ± 1.3 | 43.6 ± 1.0 | 2.123 | NS |
| Clay (%) | 40.6 ± 0.9 | 46.3 ± 0.9 | 10.486 | ** |
| Soil texture | Silty Clay | Silty Clay | - | - |
*, ** indicate statistically significant with p-value < 0.05 and < 0.01, respectively. NS: No significant, BD = bulk density, OM = organic matter, TN = total nitrogen, ECe = electrical conductivity, CEC = cation exchange capacity, Avail. P = available P, Avail. K = available K, Avail. Ca = available Ca, Avail. Mg = available Mg.