Figure 2.

Cisplatin increases intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Cytosolic ROS (A) and mitochondrial superoxide (B) levels in PEA1 and PEA2 cells treated with cisplatin at indicated concentrations for 24 h were quantified by flow cytometry using H₂DCFDA dye and MitoSOX, respectively. Data are represented as mean fluorescence intensity and expressed as mean ± S.E.M. from three independent experiments. Significance was assessed by two-tailed Student’s t-test (* p-value < 0.05, ns p-value > 0.05). Representative histograms of H₂DCFDA and MitoSOX expression are shown in the overlay.