. 2022 Jul 28;11(8):1475. doi: 10.3390/antiox11081475

Table 4.

Qualitative and quantitative [mg/kg or g/kg (marked with *) of extract, mean ± SE] analysis by HPLC-HRMS of the phenolic profile from Thymus lotocephalus shoots cultured in media with 0 (control), 2, 5, or 7% of PEG, 7% PEG + Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs), 7% PEG + salicylic acid (SA), or 7% PEG + methyl jasmonate (MeJA), Fe₃O₄ NPs, SA, or MeJA.

Compound	Treatment
	Control	PEG			7% PEG			PEG-Free
	Control	2%	5%	7%	Fe₃O₄ NPs	SA	MeJA	Fe₃O₄ NPs	SA	MeJA
Phenolic acids
Salvianolic acid A isomer I	468 ± 1 ^a	137 ± 6 ^bc	146 ± 6 ^bc	150 ± 8 ^bc	107 ± 16 ^c	288 ± 38 ^abc	172 ± 10 ^bc	339 ± 20 ^ab	323 ± 103 ^ab	172 ± 41 ^bc
Salvianolic acid A isomer II	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	133 ± 6	<LOQ	<LOQ	227 ± 64
Salvianolic acid A isomer IV	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	149 ± 28
Salvianolic acid B/Salvianolic acid L isomer I	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	n.d.	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
Salvianolic acid B/Salvianolic acid L isomer II	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ
Salvianolic acid B/Salvianolic acid L isomer III	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	174 ± 8	127 ± 10	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ
Salvianolic acid B/Salvianolic acid L isomer IV	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	126 ± 10 ^b	<LOQ	180 ± 39 ^b	391 ± 46 ^a
Salvianolic acid C	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	143 ± 8	199 ± 62
Salvianolic acid F isomer I	<LOQ	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	<LOQ	n.d.	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ
Salvianolic acid F isomer II	173 ± 23 ^a	113 ± 20 ^a	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	118 ± 20 ^a	199 ± 2 ^a	204 ± 3 ^a
Salvianolic acid I/Melitric acid A	252 ± 8 ^b	224 ± 12 ^b	176 ± 9 ^b	178 ± 12 ^b	295 ± 17 ^ab	199 ± 31 ^b	307 ± 7 ^ab	178 ± 6 ^b	192 ± 56 ^b	591 ± 158 ^a
Total salvianolic acids *	0.89 ± 0.03 ^b	0.47 ± 0.00 ^b	0.32 ± 0.02 ^b	0.33 ± 0.02 ^b	0.40 ± 0.03 ^b	0.66 ± 0.06 ^b	0.86 ± 0.02 ^b	0.64 ± 0.05 ^b	1.04 ± 0.21 ^b	1.93 ± 0.40 ^a
Caffeic acid	46 ± 16 ^cd	30 ± 8 ^cd	20 ± 3 ^cd	23 ± 3 ^cd	8 ± 2 ^d	35 ± 4 ^cd	30 ± 1 ^cd	54 ± 7 ^bc	90 ± 3 ^ab	112 ± 10 ^a
Melitric acid B	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
Methyl 6-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside *	6.00 ± 1.25 ^a	4.71 ± 0.56 ^a	3.61 ± 0.19 ^a	2.46 ± 0.24 ^a	4.30 ± 0.43 ^a	4.20 ± 0.30 ^a	5.01 ± 0.08 ^a	6.02 ± 0.26 ^a	4.39 ± 1.29 ^a	6.15 ± 1.11 ^a
Methylrosmarinic acid isomer I	94 ± 4 ^a	<LOQ	<LOQ	83 ± 2 ^a	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	84 ± 4 ^a	75 ± 18 ^a	78 ± 7 ^a
Methylrosmarinic acid isomer II	651 ± 19 ^a	342 ± 30 ^ab	272 ± 38 ^b	420 ± 0 ^ab	265 ± 16 ^b	384 ± 11 ^ab	204 ± 38 ^b	394 ± 91 ^ab	616 ± 150 ^a	632 ± 38 ^a
Rosmarinic acid *	53.0 ± 3.57 ^a	16.8 ± 1.25 ^bc	15.9 ± 1.04 ^bc	23.9 ± 0.55 ^b	23.5 ± 0.78 ^b	20.3 ± 1.98 ^bc	12.5 ± 0.16 ^c	48.2 ± 1.95 ^a	54.9 ± 2.05 ^a	58.2 ± 2.36 ^a
Sagerinic acid *	2.88 ± 0.03 ^ab	0.85 ± 0.03 ^c	0.72 ± 0.01 ^c	0.97 ± 0.05 ^c	0.63 ± 0.17 ^c	0.84 ± 0.08 ^c	0.55 ± 0.04 ^c	1.98 ± 0.12 ^bc	3.70 ± 0.70 ^a	2.73 ± 0.38 ^ab
Salviaflaside	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ
Total phenolic acids *	63.5 ± 2.36 ^ab	23.3 ± 0.75 ^cd	20.8 ± 0.85 ^cd	28.2 ± 0.87 ^cd	29.1 ± 1.43 ^c	26.4 ± 2.12 ^cd	19.2 ± 0.26 ^d	57.4 ± 2.28 ^b	64.8 ± 2.59 ^ab	69.8 ± 1.30 ^a
Flavonoids
Dihydromorelloflavone	218 ± 34 ^a	216 ± 18 ^a	231 ± 19 ^a	217 ± 7 ^a	183 ± 4 ^a	190 ± 4 ^a	157 ± 9 ^a	194 ± 6 ^a	208 ± 34 ^a	175 ± 9 ^a
Epigallocatechin gallate *	6.60 ± 1.69 ^a	4.51 ± 0.29 ^a	7.59 ± 0.95 ^a	6.60 ± 0.70 ^a	4.22 ± 0.57 ^a	4.56 ± 1.23 ^a	4.15 ± 0.00 ^a	5.65 ± 0.26 ^a	6.13 ± 1.50 ^a	3.96 ± 0.35 ^a
Luteolin	12 ± 0 ^a	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	12 ± 0 ^a	<LOQ	<LOD	<LOQ	13 ± 1 ^a	<LOQ
Luteolin-7-O-glucuronide	157 ± 6 ^a	68 ± 3 ^b	44 ± 2 ^b	48 ± 3 ^b	39 ± 6 ^b	48 ± 4 ^b	20 ± 3 ^b	156 ± 23 ^a	154 ± 16 ^a	52 ± 0 ^b
Theaflavic acid *	1.22 ± 0.00 ^a	1.06 ± 0.02 ^a	0.956 ± 0.07 ^a	0.94 ± 0.03 ^a	0.97 ± 0.00 ^a	0.93 ± 0.00 ^a	0.78 ± 0.00 ^a	1.15 ± 0.09 ^a	1.20 ± 0.26 ^a	1.21 ± 0.12 ^a
Total flavonoids *	8.21 ± 1.64 ^a	5.85 ± 0.28 ^a	8.82 ± 0.86 ^a	7.80 ± 0.71 ^a	5.42 ± 0.60 ^a	5.73 ± 1.22 ^a	5.11 ± 0.00 ^a	7.14 ± 0.37 ^a	7.70 ± 1.19 ^a	5.40 ± 0.24 ^a
Coumarin derivative
Herniarin	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
Hydroxybenzaldehyde
Protocatechuic aldehyde	66 ± 6 ^bcd	49 ± 4 ^cd	29 ± 5 ^d	23 ± 3 ^d	21 ± 0 ^d	32 ± 3 ^d	25 ± 13 ^d	82 ± 16 ^bc	112 ± 17 ^ab	135 ± 0 ^a
Total phenolic compounds *	71.8 ± 4.00 ^a	29.2 ± 0.47 ^bc	29.6 ± 0.00 ^bc	36.0 ± 1.57 ^b	34.6 ± 0.86 ^bc	32.1 ± 0.91 ^bc	24.3 ± 0.28 ^c	64.6 ± 2.26 ^a	72.6 ± 3.80 ^a	75.3 ± 1.06 ^a

Notes: n.d.—not detected; LOD—limit of detection; LOQ—limit of quantification. The results were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s New Multiple Range Test. Different letters (a–d) in each row and for each phenolic compound mean significant differences (p < 0.05) among extracts.