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. 2022 Aug 13;11(8):1567. doi: 10.3390/antiox11081567

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effect of ZnO-NPs on oocyte maturation and ovulation via the induction of oxidative stress and the apoptotic pathway at the genetic level. (A–C) Expressions of mRNA evaluated by qRT-PCR indicate the downregulation of antioxidant-related genes in T2 (A), the upregulation of autophagy-related genes in T2 (B), and the induction of apoptosis-related genes in T2 (C). (D,E) mRNA expression shows the downregulation of oocyte maturation-related genes in T2 (D) and ovulation genes in T2 (E). The results from three dependent experiments are shown as the mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. T1 = group was exposed to 1/5th of the estimated LC50 of ZnO-NPs in water daily for two weeks (15 days). T2 = group was exposed to 1/5th of the estimated LC₅₀ of ZnO-NPs in water daily for one month (30 days).