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. 2022 Jul 28;11(8):1130. doi: 10.3390/biology11081130

Table 1.

a–g. Circadian parameters for whole-week recordings, weekdays and weekend days for wrist skin temperature (a), motor activity (b), time in movement (c), sleep probability (d) and total (e), circadian (f) and infrared (g) exposure.

a
Wrist Skin Temperature
Whole week Weekdays Weekend
Western Spain Portugal Z Pr Western Spain Portugal Z Pr Western Spain Portugal Z Pr
DPM 12:53 ± 0:08 14:07 ± 0:12 4.57 <0.0001 12:47 ± 0:09 13:51 ± 0:12 3.77 0.000 13:22 ± 0:09 14:25 ± 0:15 3.07 0.002
NPM 2:45 ± 0:10 3:25 ± 0:10 3.88 0.000 2:52 ± 0:10 3:20 ± 0:11 2.58 0.010 2:58 ± 0:10 3:54 ± 0:15 3.10 0.002
V-day 31.33 ± 0.04 31.18 ± 0.06 −2.06 0.040 31.29 ± 0.04 31.10 ± 0.06 −2.40 0.017 31.35 ± 0.04 31.28 ± 0.07 −1.14 0.257
V-night 33.88 ± 0.04 33.99 ± 0.07 1.58 0.115 33.92 ± 0.05 34.04 ± 0.07 1.68 0.094 34.01 ± 0.05 34.22 ± 0.06 2.67 0.008
RAN 0.51 ± 0.01 0.56 ± 0.02 2.47 0.014 0.53 ± 0.01 0.59 ± 0.02 2.87 0.004 0.53 ± 0.01 0.59 ± 0.02 2.59 0.010
IS 0.56 ± 0.01 0.57 ± 0.02 0.69 0.494 0.61 ± 0.01 0.63 ± 0.02 1.36 0.176 0.75 ± 0.01 0.75 ± 0.01 0.39 0.701
CFI 0.65 ± 0.01 0.67 ± 0.01 1.52 0.129 0.67 ± 0.01 0.69 ± 0.01 2.19 0.030 0.72 ± 0.00 0.73 ± 0.01 1.64 0.102
CI 0.59 ± 0.01 0.60 ± 0.02 0.57 0.568 0.56 ± 0.01 0.57 ± 0.02 0.28 0.781 0.48 ± 0.01 0.51 ± 0.02 1.34 0.182
b
Motor Activity
Whole week Weekdays Weekend
Western Spain Portugal Z Pr Western Spain Portugal Z Pr Western Spain Portugal Z Pr
DPM 13:10 ± 0:04 13:39 ± 0:06 3.30 0.001 13:02 ± 0:04 13:26 ± 0:07 2.70 0.007 13:27 ± 0:04 14:07 ± 0:09 3.58 <0.0001
NPM 3:03 ± 0:04 3:12 ± 0:07 1.10 0.270 2:57 ± 0:05 3:07 ± 0:07 1.31 0.190 3:18 ± 0:05 3:18 ± 0:09 −0.28 0.779
V-day 19.39 ± 0.36 17.27 ± 0.45 −2.95 0.003 19.60 ± 0.36 17.54 ± 0.46 −2.94 0.004 19.43 ± 0.41 17.71 ± 0.48 −1.72 0.086
V-night 2.26 ± 0.04 1.98 ± 0.05 −4.48 <0.0001 2.22 ± 0.04 1.93 ± 0.05 −4.56 <0.0001 2.11 ± 0.04 1.84 ± 0.04 −3.75 <0.0001
RAN 0.49 ± 0.01 0.44 ± 0.01 −2.55 0.011 0.49 ± 0.01 0.45 ± 0.01 −2.45 0.015 0.49 ± 0.01 0.45 ± 0.01 −1.33 0.183
IS 0.39 ± 0.00 0.37 ± 0.01 −2.64 0.009 0.45 ± 0.01 0.44 ± 0.01 −1.13 0.258 0.65 ± 0.01 0.64 ± 0.01 −1.94 0.054
CFI 0.67 ± 0.00 0.65 ± 0.01 −2.59 0.010 0.69 ± 0.00 0.68 ± 0.01 −1.92 0.056 0.76 ± 0.00 0.75 ± 0.01 −1.39 0.166
CI 0.59 ± 0.01 0.69 ± 0.01 6.74 <0.0001 0.56 ± 0.01 0.64 ± 0.01 5.24 <0.0001 0.49 ± 0.01 0.59 ± 0.01 6.07 <0.0001
c
Time in Movement
Whole week Weekdays Weekend
Western Spain Portugal Z Pr Western Spain Portugal Z Pr Western Spain Portugal Z Pr
DPM 13:16 ± 0:04 13:51 ± 0:07 3.91 <0.0001 13:10 ± 0:04 13:43 ± 0:07 3.50 <0.0001 13:33 ± 0:05 14:18 ± 0:09 3.82 <0.0001
NPM 3:06 ± 0:04 3:11 ± 0:07 0.91 0.365 2:54 ± 0:04 3:04 ± 0:07 0.87 0.387 3:14 ± 0:05 3:18 ± 0:08 0.28 0.779
V-day 30.72 ± 0.35 30.65 ± 0.58 0.23 0.820 30.95 ± 0.35 30.89 ± 0.57 0.15 0.885 31.03 ± 0.39 31.54 ± 0.63 0.84 0.402
V-night 1.48 ± 0.05 1.51 ± 0.09 −0.46 0.647 1.43 ± 0.05 1.39 ± 0.08 −0.51 0.613 1.22 ± 0.04 1.22 ± 0.07 −0.22 0.825
RAN 0.73 ± 0.01 0.73 ± 0.01 0.15 0.881 0.74 ± 0.01 0.73 ± 0.01 0.28 0.783 0.74 ± 0.01 0.75 ± 0.02 0.80 0.427
IS 0.50 ± 0.01 0.48 ± 0.01 −1.55 0.123 0.55 ± 0.01 0.55 ± 0.01 −0.44 0.658 0.72 ± 0.01 0.70 ± 0.01 −2.13 0.034
CFI 0.76 ± 0.00 0.75 ± 0.01 −1.14 0.255 0.78 ± 0.00 0.78 ± 0.01 −0.51 0.611 0.84 ± 0.00 0.83 ± 0.00 −1.59 0.113
CI 0.66 ± 0.01 0.75 ± 0.01 6.38 <0.0001 0.64 ± 0.01 0.71 ± 0.01 5.32 <0.0001 0.58 ± 0.01 0.66 ± 0.01 5.26 <0.0001
d
Sleep Probability
Whole Week Weekdays Weekend
Western Spain Portugal Z Pr Western Spain Portugal Z Pr Western Spain Portugal Z Pr
DPM 14:16 ± 0:06 14:25 ± 0:09 0.95 0.344 13:58 ± 0:07 14:14 ± 0:09 1.45 0.147 13:52 ± 0:07 14:16 ± 0:10 2.53 0.012
NPM 3:07 ± 0:04 3:18 ± 0:07 1.08 0.281 3:01 ± 0:05 3:11 ± 0:07 0.79 0.428 3:14 ± 0:05 3:22 ± 0:09 0.61 0.542
V-day 0.06 ± 0.00 0.04 ± 0.01 −4.40 <0.0001 0.06 ± 0.00 0.04 ± 0.00 −4.12 <0.0001 0.06 ± 0.00 0.05 ± 0.01 −3.13 0.002
V-night 0.84 ± 0.00 0.86 ± 0.01 1.69 0.091 0.85 ± 0.01 0.86 ± 0.01 2.05 0.041 0.86 ± 0.00 0.87 ± 0.01 0.91 0.365
RAN 0.78 ± 0.01 0.81 ± 0.01 3.41 0.001 0.79 ± 0.01 0.82 ± 0.01 4.03 <0.0001 0.80 ± 0.01 0.82 ± 0.01 2.02 0.045
IS 0.61 ± 0.01 0.62 ± 0.01 2.02 0.044 0.65 ± 0.01 0.67 ± 0.01 2.44 0.015 0.77 ± 0.01 0.77 ± 0.01 0.36 0.723
CFI 0.74 ± 0.00 0.77 ± 0.01 3.88 0.000 0.76 ± 0.00 0.79 ± 0.01 4.09 <.0001 0.80 ± 0.00 0.82 ± 0.01 2.58 0.010
CI 0.70 ± 0.01 0.76 ± 0.01 5.02 <0.0001 0.68 ± 0.01 0.74 ± 0.01 5.29 <0.0001 0.60 ± 0.01 0.63 ± 0.01 1.42 0.157
e
Total Light Exposure
Whole Week Weekdays Weekend
Western Spain Portugal Z Pr Western Spain Portugal Z Pr Western Spain Portugal Z Pr
DPM 13:14 ± 0:03 13:27 ± 0:05 2.76 0.006 13:10 ± 0:04 13:24 ± 0:06 2.63 0.009 13:24 ± 0:04 13:46 ± 0:06 3.25 0.001
NPM 2:42 ± 0:04 2:51 ± 0:07 0.71 0.480 2:28 ± 0:04 2:37 ± 0:07 0.45 0.656 2:32 ± 0:05 2:39 ± 0:08 0.60 0.548
V-day 1.41 ± 0.03 1.64 ± 0.04 4.09 <0.0001 1.42 ± 0.03 1.66 ± 0.04 4.27 <0.0001 1.42 ± 0.03 1.66 ± 0.05 3.71 <0.0001
V-night 0.01 ± 0.00 0.01 ± 0.00 −0.09 0.932 0.01 ± 0.00 0.01 ± 0.00 −0.74 0.458 0.01 ± 0.00 0.01 ± 0.00 0.32 0.751
RAN 0.47 ± 0.01 0.54 ± 0.01 3.99 <0.0001 0.47 ± 0.01 0.55 ± 0.01 4.20 <0.0001 0.47 ± 0.01 0.55 ± 0.02 3.65 <0.0001
IS 0.55 ± 0.01 0.60 ± 0.01 3.17 0.002 0.60 ± 0.01 0.65 ± 0.01 3.55 <0.0001 0.75 ± 0.01 0.76 ± 0.01 1.50 0.134
CFI 0.83 ± 0.00 0.84 ± 0.00 3.08 0.002 0.85 ± 0.00 0.86 ± 0.00 3.62 <0.0001 0.89 ± 0.00 0.90 ± 0.00 1.82 0.070
CI 0.72 ± 0.01 0.79 ± 0.01 4.75 <0.0001 0.70 ± 0.01 0.76 ± 0.01 4.22 <0.0001 0.63 ± 0.01 0.71 ± 0.01 4.58 <0.0001
      f
Blue Light Exposure
Whole week Weekdays Weekend
Western spain Portugal Z Pr Western Spain Portugal Z Pr Western Spain Portugal Z Pr
DPM 13:08 ± 0:03 13:21 ± 0:05 2.46 0.014 13:06 ± 0:03 13:17 ± 0:05 1.90 0.058 13:17 ± 0:04 13:41 ± 0:06 3.40 0.001
NPM 2:36 ± 0:04 2:46 ± 0:07 0.76 0.448 2:19 ± 0:05 2:37 ± 0:08 1.36 0.176 2:27 ± 0:06 2:30 ± 0:09 0.17 0.862
V-day 1.05 ± 0.03 1.30 ± 0.04 4.92 <0.0001 1.05 ± 0.03 1.31 ± 0.04 5.04 <0.0001 1.06 ± 0.03 1.32 ± 0.05 4.24 <0.0001
V-night 0.00 ± 0.00 0.01 ± 0.00 0.31 0.754 0.00 ± 0.00 0.01 ± 0.00 1.02 0.307 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 −0.25 0.800
RAN 0.35 ± 0.01 0.43 ± 0.01 4.92 <0.0001 0.35 ± 0.01 0.44 ± 0.01 4.99 <0.0001 0.35 ± 0.01 0.44 ± 0.02 4.24 <0.0001
IS 0.51 ± 0.01 0.56 ± 0.01 4.25 <0.0001 0.56 ± 0.01 0.62 ± 0.01 4.40 <0.0001 0.72 ± 0.01 0.74 ± 0.01 1.99 0.047
CFI 0.81 ± 0.00 0.83 ± 0.00 4.28 <0.0001 0.83 ± 0.00 0.85 ± 0.00 4.78 <0.0001 0.88 ± 0.00 0.89 ± 0.00 2.38 0.018
CI 0.70 ± 0.01 0.77 ± 0.01 4.97 <0.0001 0.67 ± 0.01 0.74 ± 0.01 4.41 <0.0001 0.60 ± 0.01 0.68 ± 0.01 4.86 <0.0001
      g
Infrared Exposure
Whole Week Weekdays Weekend
Western Spain Portugal Z Pr Western Spain Portugal Z Pr Western Spain Portugal Z Pr
DPM 13:03 ± 0:03 13:10 ± 0:05 1.47 0.144 13:01 ± 0:03 13:09 ± 0:06 1.65 0.099 13:17 ± 0:04 13:30 ± 0:04 2.71 0.007
NPM 2:42 ± 0:05 2:53 ± 0:07 0.94 0.349 2:30 ± 0:05 2:43 ± 0:08 0.64 0.526 2:36 ± 0:05 2:37 ± 0:09 −0.13 0.899
V-day 186.00 ± 12.00 242.00 ± 20.00 3.59 <0.0001 179.00 ± 12.00 238.00 ± 21.00 3.63 <0.0001 214.00 ± 17.00 267.00 ± 26.00 3.03 0.003
V-night 0.06 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 −0.32 0.752 0.06 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 −0.51 0.608 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.17 0.868
RAN 1.00 ± 0.00 1.00 ± 0.00 0.67 0.502 1.00 ± 0.00 1.00 ± 0.00 1.17 0.242 0.99 ± 0.00 1.00 ± 0.00 0.91 0.360
IS 0.20 ± 0.00 0.21 ± 0.01 2.38 0.018 0.28 ± 0.01 0.30 ± 0.01 1.77 0.077 0.54 ± 0.01 0.56 ± 0.01 0.95 0.341
CFI 0.63 ± 0.00 0.64 ± 0.00 2.00 0.046 0.66 ± 0.00 0.67 ± 0.00 2.35 0.019 0.74 ± 0.00 0.76 ± 0.01 1.47 0.142
CI 0.38 ± 0.01 0.45 ± 0.01 5.12 <0.0001 0.35 ± 0.01 0.41 ± 0.01 4.20 <0.0001 0.31 ± 0.01 0.34 ± 0.01 2.88 0.004

DPM (h): Day Phase Marker = M10: the mid-point timing for the 10 consecutive hours with the highest values for motor activity, time in movement, TAPL and light exposure; L10: the mid-point timing for the 10 consecutive hours with the lowest values for wrist skin temperature and sleep; NPM (h): night phase marker; M5: the mid-point time of the 5 consecutive hours with the highest values for wrist skin temperature and sleep; L5: the mid-point time of the 5 consecutive hours with the lowest values for motor activity, time in movement, TAPL and light exposure; V-day = M10 mean value for motor activity (g/30 s), time in movement (s/30 s), TAPL (arbitrary units, A.U.) and light exposure (log10lux) and L10 mean value for wrist skin temperature and sleep; V-night = M5 mean values for wrist skin temperature and sleep; L5 mean value for motor activity, time in movement, TAPL and light exposure; RA: relative amplitude (A.U.); IS: interdaily stability (A.U.); CFI: Circadian Function Index (A.U.); CI: circadianity index (A.U.). Statistics: Mann–Whitney U test. Significance level: Pr < 0.002 (Bonferroni corrected). See Methods and Supplementary Information for further details.