TABLE 3.

Effects of opioid receptor antagonists on tonic luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in female mammals.

Antagonists	Receptors	Treatment routes	Effects	Species	Ovarian states	References
Naloxone	μ- > κ- >> δ-	i.v.	Stimulatory	Human	Late follicular phase	Quigley and Yen, 1980
		i.v.	Stimulatory	Human	Mid-luteal phase	Quigley and Yen, 1980
		i.v.	No effect	Human	Early follicular phase	Quigley and Yen, 1980
		i.v.	Stimulatory	Rhesus monkey	Luteal phase	Van Vugt et al., 1983
		i.v.	No effect	Rhesus monkey	Follicular phase	Van Vugt et al., 1983
		s.c.	Stimulatory	Rat	Ovary-intact	Petraglia et al., 1984
		s.c.	No effect	Rat	OVX	Petraglia et al., 1984
		i.v.	Stimulatory	Sheep	Luteal phase	Malven et al., 1984
		i.v.	No effect	Sheep	Non-luteal phase	Malven et al., 1984
		i.v.	Stimulatory	Sheep	Early and mid-luteal phase	Brooks et al., 1986
		i.v.	No effect	Sheep	Late-luteal phase	Brooks et al., 1986
		i.v.	No effect	Human	Post-menopausal	Reid et al., 1983
		3V	Stimulatory	Rat	Pregnant	Gallo, 1990
		MBH, POA	Stimulatory	Sheep	Luteal phase	Goodman et al., 2004
WIN44,441-3	κ-	i.v.	Stimulatory	Sheep	Luteal phase	Whisnant and Goodman, 1988
		i.v.	No effect	Sheep	Follicular phase	Whisnant and Goodman, 1988
		i.v.	Stimulatory	Sheep	Luteal phase	Yang et al., 1988
nor-BNI	κ-	3V	Stimulatory	Rat	Pregnant	Gallo, 1990
		3V	Stimulatory	Rat	OVX + low E21	Mostari et al., 2013
		3V	No effect	Rat	OVX	Mostari et al., 2013
		MBH, POA	Stimulatory	Sheep	Luteal phase	Goodman et al., 2004
PF-4455242	κ-	i.v., s.c.	Stimulatory	Goat	OVX + low E22	Sasaki et al., 2019
Naloxonazine	μ-	POA	Stimulatory	Sheep	Luteal phase	Goodman et al., 2004
		MBH	No effect	Sheep	Luteal phase	Goodman et al., 2004
ICI 174864	δ-	3V	No effect	Rat	Pregnant	Gallo, 1990
Naltrindole	δ-	MBH, POA	No effect	Sheep	Luteal phase	Goodman et al., 2004

nor-BNI, nor-binaltorphimine.

¹Ovariectomized (OVX) rats treated with a diestrous level of E2.

²OVX goats treated with a luteal phase level of E2.