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. 2022 Aug 19;11(8):1123. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics11081123

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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CuSO₄ lowers conjugation efficiency proportional to the concentration added. Cultures of the donor (HA14) and recipient strain (HA4) were grown to log phase and then mixed and allowed to mate in the presence of various concentrations of CuSO₄ for 30 min. Conjugation efficiency was calculated as in Figure 1 and as described in Materials and Methods. Symbols indicate the mean and error bars and represent the standard error of the mean (SEM) of 2 biological replicates with 2 technical replicates each.