Table 2.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Study | Number of Participants | Pathologies of the Participants | Selection Criteria | Follow-Up (Months) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Catechins/Flavanols | ||||
| Ide et al. (2016) [12] |
33 (27 at the end) I: 17 (14) C: 16 (13) |
Yes -17 Alzheimer’s -15 Insanity -1 Lewy body dementia |
-Over 50 years. -Do not consume antioxidant stress supplements (vit E, C, A, and B-carotene). -MMSE (Japanese version) < 28 -No allergy to tea. -Without severe cardiac, respiratory, hepatic, or renal dysfunction or anemia. |
12 |
| 29 women 4 men Mean age: 84.8 y | ||||
| Mastroiacovo et al. (2015) [8] |
90 (86 at the end) -High intake: 30 (29) -Average intake: 30 (29) -Low intake: 30 (28) |
No | -No smoking. -Do not consume supplements (vit C and E) and/or medications with antioxidants (statins and glitazones), or drugs that interfere with consciousness (benzodiazepines and antidepressants), or chocolate or cocoa. -MMSE ≥ 27 and geriatric depression scale < 11. -BMI ≤ 30 and no weight change (±10%) in the last 6 months. -No medical conditions (no cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular event, neurological or thyroid disorders, or inflammatory diseases). |
2 |
| 37 women 53 men Median age: 69.6 y | ||||
| Brickman et al. (2014) [20] |
37 -High intake + exercise: 8 -High intake + no exercise: 11 -Low intake + exercise: 9 -Low intake + no exercise: 9 |
No | -Do not consume dietary or herbal supplements. -No treatment with psychotropic drugs or current psychiatric disorder. -No diabetes Dx. -People who do not exercise regularly or do not exceed the American Heart Association standards for average physical fitness. -No contraindication to aerobic exercise. -Not lactose intolerant. |
3 |
| 28 women 9 men Median age: 57.8 y | ||||
| Desideri et al. (2012) [9] |
90 -High intake: 30 -Intermediate: 30 -Low: 30 |
Yes -Mild Cognitive Impairment |
-Dx mild cognitive impairment according to Petersen criteria. -Do not smoke or take statins. -No Dx obesity (BMI > 30). |
2 |
| No differentiated data for women and men | ||||
| Krikorian et al. (2012) [21] |
21 I: 10 C:11 |
Yes -Mild Cognitive Impairment |
-Dx mild cognitive impairment. -No Dx or suspected dementia, diabetes, kidney disease, liver disease, serious psychiatric conditions, and substance abuse. |
4 |
| 10 women 11 men Average age men: 76.9 y Median age women: 76 y | ||||
| Lee et al. (2017) [22] |
10 I: 5 C:5 |
Yes -Mild Cognitive Impairment |
-Cognitive deficit and/or personality change present for at least 6 months but without a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s or other cause of dementia. Not have cognitive dysfunction that decreases the ability to perform daily activities. -No history of thyroid disease. -No auditory or motor deficit that prevents performing the tests. -No treatment for Alzheimer’s or dementia-related medications. -CT/MRI if stroke, tumor, hemorrhage, ictal activity, or hydrocephalus is suspected. |
6 |
| 5 women 5 men Average age 72.2 y | ||||
| Lamport et al. (2015) [23] |
18 High intake: 9/9 Low intake: 9/9 |
No | -No chronic drug use. No high alcohol consumption (15 units/week) or illegal substances. -No neurological symptoms, MMSE ≥ 26. -No current or recent disease (obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, stroke, gallbladder or gastrointestinal problems). -No language or hearing impairments. -No allergy or sensitivity to chocolate, dairy, nuts, or gluten. |
1 day Crossover study Washout: 1 week |
| 10 women 8 men Average age: 61 y | ||||
| Pase et al. (2013) [24] |
71 -High intake: 24 -Average intake: 25 -Placebo: 22 |
No | -No smoking. -Do not consume vitamin supplements, herbal extracts or illicit drugs. -Not being pregnant or breastfeeding. -No heart disease, hypertension, anxiety, depression, psychiatric disorders or epilepsy, or any other health disorder that affects food metabolism, such as kidney, liver, or gastrointestinal disease. |
1 |
| 47 women 24 men | ||||
| Resveratrol/Stilbenes | ||||
| Witte et al. (2014) [25] |
46 I: 23 -C:23 |
Yes -Overweight |
-Not in treatment with antidepressants. -Do not consume a daily consumption of 50 g of alcohol, nor 10 cigarettes, nor 6 cups of coffee per day or more. -MMSE ≥ 26 points. -No serious medical, neurological, and psychiatric illnesses without treatment. -No Dx diabetes mellitus type 2. -Speak native German. |
6 +1/2 |
| 18 women 28 men Mean age group I: 64.8 y Mean age group C: 63.7 y | ||||
| Anton et al. (2018) [10] |
32 -I (1000 mg): 10 -I (300 mg): 12 -C: 10 |
Yes -Overweight or obesity |
-No smoking. -Do not consume anabolic drugs or anticholinesterase inhibitors or anticoagulants (the use of aspirin is allowed) or statins. Not on antidepressant treatment. -Not on active treatment for cancer, stroke (<6 months), peripheral vascular disease, coronary artery disease (myocardial infarction < 6 months), stage III or IV congestive heart failure, valvular heart disease, severe anemia, liver or kidney disease, diabetes, severe arthritis, limb fracture ≤ 6 months, or limb amputation. -Do not consume excessive alcohol (>2 drinks/day) or >1 glass of red wine or purple grape juice/week. -Not consuming or having consumed a dietary supplement containing resveratrol, quercetin, grape seed extract, ginko biloba, or P. cuspidatum in the previous 90 days. -No Dx dementia disease, severe psychiatric illness, or Parkinson’s disease. -No deterioration in vision and hearing. -Sedentary (less than 120 min of physical activity of moderate intensity per week). -Self-reported ability to walk one mile. -CES-D ≤ 20. -MMSE > 24 points. -BMI: 25–34.9 kg/m2. -Not a BP > 180/100 mmHg or a resting heart rate > 120 beats per minute. -Not having participated in another clinical trial or intake of an investigational product ≤ 30 days before the exam. -No contraindications for MRI. |
3 |
| Average age: 73.34 y | ||||
| Moran et al. (2018) [26] |
51 (37 at the end) I: 26 (20) C:23 (17) |
No | -65 years or older. -Normal cognitive function (MMSE > 24). -Defined as “healthy” (free from disease). -Independent, mobile, and able to complete the test. |
6 |
| 19 women 18 men Average age: 75.14 y | ||||
| Wong et al. (2016) [27] |
36 I (300 mg): 36/36 I (150 mg): 36/36 I (75 mg): 36/36 C: 36/36 |
Yes -Diabetes mellitus type 2 |
-Do not smoke or use nicotine therapy. -Not being on insulin or warfarin treatment. -No change in pre-existing medication or supplements during the intervention. -Not a modified MMSE (Australian version) <78/100. -No BP > 160/100 mmHg, no BMI > 40 mg/m2. -With the ability to obtain satisfactory images of the MCA bilaterally by TCD. -No serious head injuries. -No Dx of dementia, severe depression, stroke or neurological conditions; nor kidney or liver disease. |
1 dayCross study. Wash: 1 week |
| 10 postmenopausal women 26 men Average age: 68.47 y | ||||
| Evans et al. (2017) [11] |
80 (72 at the end) postmenopausal women I: 37 Q:35 |
No | -No smoking. -Not on insulin, warfarin, or hormone replacement therapy in the last six months. -No suspicion of dementia, modified MMSE (Australian version) ≥78 points. -No history of breast or cervical cancer. -No Dx of cardiovascular, renal, hepatic disease, depression or disorders. |
3 + 1/2 |
| Median age: 61.5 y | ||||
| Kobe et al. (2017) [13] |
40 I: 18 c:22 |
Yes -Mild Cognitive Impairment (diagnosed according to May criteria 12 months before) |
-No MMSE < 24 at initial visit. -No BMI < 18 kg/m2 or >35 kg/m2. -Be right-handed. -Speak German fluently. -No serious untreated medical, neurological, or psychiatric illnesses and brain pathologies identified on MRI. |
6 + 1/2 |
| 21 women 19 men Mean age group I: 65 y Average age group C: 69 y | ||||
The number in parentheses in the participant column corresponds to the number of participants at the end of the study. Abbreviations: BMI: Body Mass Index; BP: Blood Pressure; C: Control Group; CES-D: The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; CT: Tomography Scan; Dx: Diagnostic; I: Intervention Group; MMSE: Mini-Mental Status Examination; MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging; TCD: Transcranial Doppler; Tto: Treatment.