Table A1.

Available antibiotics that can be used as spacers; adapted from ICM 2018 [14].

Antibiotic Group	Type of Antibiotic	Activity Against	Dose per 40 g Cement (in Grams)
Aminoglycoside	Tobramycin	Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas	1 to 4.8
Aminoglycoside	Gentamicin	Gram-negative bacteria—Eschericcia coli, Klebsiella and particularly Pseudomonas aeroginosa. Additionally, aerobic bacteria (not obligate/facultative anaerobes)	0.25 to 4.8
Cephalosporin, 1st gen	Cefazolin	Gram-positive infections, limited Gram negative coverage	1 to 2
Cephalosporin, 2nd gen	Cefuroxime	Reduced gram-positive coverage, improved gram-negative coverage	1.5 to 2
Cephalosporin, 3rd gen	Ceflazidime	Gram-negative bacteria, particularly Pseudomonas	2
Cephalosporin, 4th gen	Cefotaxime	Gram-negative bacteria, no activity against Pseudomonas	2
Cephalosporin, 5th gen	Ceftaroline	Gram-negative bacteria, no activity against Pseudomonas	2 to 4
Fluoroquinolone	Ciprofloxacin	Gram-negative organisms including activity against Enterobacteriaciae	0.2 to 3
Glycopeptide	Vancomycin	Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant organisms	0.5 to 4
Lincosamide	Clindamycin	Gram-positive cocci, anaerobes	1 to 2
Macrolide	Erythromycin	Aerobic gram-positive cocci and bacilli	0.5 to 1
Polymyxin	Colistin	Gram-negative	0.24
ß-lactam	Piperacillin—not available Piptzobactam	Gram-negative bacteria (particularly Pseudomonas), Enterobacteria and anaerobes	4 to 8
ß-lactam	Aztreonam	Only gram-negative bacteria	4
ß-lactamase inhibitor	Tazobactam	Gram-negative bacteria (particularly Pseudomonas), Enterobacteria and anaerobes in combination with Piperacillin	0.5
Oxazolidinones	Linezolid	Multidrug-resistant gram-positive cocci such as MRSA	1.2
Carbapenem	Meropenem	Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, anaerobes, Pseudomonas	0.5 to 4
Lipopeptide	Daptomycin	Only gram-positive organisms	2
Antifungals	Amphotericin	Most Fungi	200
Antifungal	Voricanazole	Most Fungi	300–600 mg