. 2022 Aug 22;12(16):2154. doi: 10.3390/ani12162154

Table 3.

In vivo effects of yeast β-glucans on the immune systems of different marine fish species.

Yeast Species (Origin)	β-Glucan Type	Administration Dose and Route	Fish	Pathogen Challenge (Name, Challenge Day, Dose and Route)	Outcomes	Ref.
Yeast Species (Origin)	β-Glucan Type	Administration Dose and Route	Fish	Pathogen Challenge (Name, Challenge Day, Dose and Route)	(Survival Upon Challenge and Increased Immune Parameters)	Ref.
S. cerevisiae (MacroGard^®)	β-1,3 y β-1,6	1 g Kg⁻¹ Diet	Gadus morhua L.	Vibrio anguillarum strain HI610 2.6 × 10⁷ CFU mL⁻¹	-	[83]
S. cerevisiae (MacroGard^®)	β-1,3 y β-1,6	35 days	Gadus morhua L.	Immersion 36 day	Increased expression of anti-inflammatory genes (il-10 and ifn-γ). Active inflammation due to expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (il1- β and il-8) post-challenge	[83]
S. cerevisiae (bakery Fibosel ^®)	β-1,3 y β-1,6	1 g Kg⁻¹ Diet	Lutjanus peru	LPS 3 mg Kg⁻¹	-	[19]
S. cerevisiae (bakery Fibosel ^®)	β-1,3 y β-1,6	42 days	Lutjanus peru	Intraperitoneal	Improved growth, effectiveness in antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) before and after exposure to LPS, activity of digestive enzymes (include trypsin, aminopeptidase, and chymotrypsin)	[19]
S. cerevisiae (MacroGard^®)	β-1,3 y β-1,6	1, 2 and 3 g Kg⁻¹ Diet	Acipenser persicus	-	-	[84]
S. cerevisiae (MacroGard^®)	β-1,3 y β-1,6	42 days	Acipenser persicus	-	Higher doses induced increases in WBC, %lymphocytes, and lysozyme and ACH-50 immune activity	[84]
S. cerevisiae (MacroGard^®)	β-1,3 y β-1,6	15 mg Kg⁻¹ of fish	Atlantic salmon	-	-	[45]
S. cerevisiae (MacroGard^®)	β-1,3 y β-1,6	Sampling 1 and 7 days	Atlantic salmon	-	Expression of β-glucan receptors sclra, sclrb, sclrc, and cr3; Syk, mapkin2, il1b, and mip2a target genes; apoa4 protein involved in carbohydrate metabolism; tagln, actb sensors	[45]
S. cerevisiae (MacroGard^®)	β-1,3 y β-1,6	0.5 g L⁻¹ (incubated rotifers B. plicatilis)	Scophthalmus maximus	-	-	[85]
S. cerevisiae (MacroGard^®)	β-1,3 y β-1,6	10 days	Scophthalmus maximus	-	Increase in chymotrypsin and trypsin activity. Complemented c3 activity and anti-inflammatory effect of hsp-70, tnf-α, and il-1β	[85]
S. cerevisiae brewery (Yestimun^®)	β-1,3 y β-1,6	1 mg/fish in PBS Oral intubation	Solea senegalensis	-	-	[86]
S. cerevisiae brewery (Yestimun^®)	β-1,3 y β-1,6	sampling at 3, 24, 48 h and 7 days	Solea senegalensis	-	Expression: il-1 β, clec, and irf7	[86]
Debaryomyces hansenii BCS004	β-1,3 y β-1,6	500 mg Kg⁻¹ Diet	Lutjanus peru	-		[26]
Debaryomyces hansenii BCS004	β-1,3 y β-1,6	28 days	Lutjanus peru	-	Did not show pathological damages, edema, or inflammation in the intestine. Increased regulation of receptors (tlr2, dectin-2, c-type lectin-4, mmr-1)	[26]
S. cerevisiae (MacroGard^®)	β-1,3 y β-1,6	1 and 3 g Kg⁻¹	Acipenser transmontanus	Veronaea botryose	RPS: 30% with diet 30 g Kg⁻¹	[87]
S. cerevisiae (MacroGard^®)	β-1,3 y β-1,6	21 days	Acipenser transmontanus	7.25 × 10⁵ spores mL⁻¹ intramuscular	Increased expression of genes such as haptoglobin, serotransferrin, SAA, cathelicidin, and il-17, irf8 post-challenge	[87]