. 2022 Aug 22;12(16):2154. doi: 10.3390/ani12162154

Table 4.

In vitro effects of yeast β-glucans on the immune systems of freshwater and marine fish.

Yeast Species (Origin)	β-Glucan Type	Dose	Fish	Pathogen Challenge (Name, Dose and Route)	Outcomes	Ref.
Yeast Species (Origin)	β-Glucan Type	Dose	Fish	Pathogen Challenge (Name, Dose and Route)	(Post-Challenge and Increased Immune Parameters)	Ref.
S. cerevisiae (bakery)	β-1,3 y β-1,6	100 μg/mL	Gadus morhua	-	-	[88]
S. cerevisiae (bakery)	β-1,3 y β-1,6	100 μg/mL	Gadus morhua	-	Increased antibacterial genes BPI/LBP and g-type lysozyme, pro-inflammatory cytokines il-1β and il-8, and antioxidants CAT and Cu/Zn-SOD	[88]
S. cerevisiae (MacroGard^® and Zymosan)	β-1,3 y β-1,6	10–100 μg/mL	Cyprinus carpio carpio	-		[47]
S. cerevisiae (MacroGard^® and Zymosan)	β-1,3 y β-1,6	10–100 μg/mL	Cyprinus carpio carpio	-	Increased production of reactive radicals (oxygen and nitrogen), expression of cytokine genes (il-1 β, il-6 and il-11)	[47]
S. cerevisiae (Zymosan)	β-1,3 y β-1,6	50 μg/mL	Lutjanus peru	Vibrio parahaemolyticus	-	[60]
S. cerevisiae (Zymosan)	β-1,3 y β-1,6	50 μg/mL	Lutjanus peru	1 × 10⁸ cell mL⁻¹	Stimulated the expression upstream of ilf2, ilf3, can, and downstream of cd3, tcrβ, il-6, il-12	[60]
Yarrowia lipolytica N6 (marine)	β-1,3 y β-1,6	200 μg/mL	Lutjanus peru	Vibrio parahaemolyticus	Immunized and challenged leukocytes	[89]
Yarrowia lipolytica N6 (marine)	β-1,3 y β-1,6	200 μg/mL	Lutjanus peru	1 × 10⁸ cell mL⁻¹	Increased ON, SOD, CAT, PO. Regulated pro-inflammatory (il-1β, il-8, il-12, il-17) and anti-inflammatory (il-6, il-10) cytokines	[89]
Sterigmatomyces halophilus (marine)	β-1,3 y β-1,6	200 μg/mL	Lutjanus peru	Aeromonas hydrophila	Immunized and challenged leukocytes	[18]
Sterigmatomyces halophilus (marine)	β-1,3 y β-1,6	200 μg/mL	Lutjanus peru	1 × 10⁸ cell mL⁻¹	Increased phagocytic activity, NBT, NO, PO, SOD, CAT. Genetic experimentation in cytokines il-1β, il-10, and il-17	[18]
Debaryomyces hansenii BCS004	β-1,3 y β-1,6	100 μg/mL	Lutjanus peru	-	Increased cell viability with doses of 50, 100 and 500 μg/mL	[26]
Debaryomyces hansenii BCS004	β-1,3 y β-1,6	100 μg/mL	Lutjanus peru	-	-	[26]
Cystobasidium benthicum	β-1,3 y β-1,6	50, 100 and 200 μg/mL	Totoaba macdonaldi	-	Increased phagocytic activity, MPO, production of intracellular-mitochondrial ROS, NO, SOD, and gene expression of tlr2, clec17a, mmr, il-β, and 1csf1r2	[22]