. 2022 Aug 18;3(3):101560. doi: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101560

Table 3.

Direct reprogramming approaches

Features	Cell types		Cocktails	Efficiency	Reference
Features	From	To	Cocktails	Efficiency	Reference
GMT-based cocktail	CF, TTF	MYH6-GFP+	GMT	∼20%	leda et al., 2010
microRNA	CF, MEF	Beating cells	GMT, miR-133	7 -old more	Muraoka et al. (2014)
microRNA	HCF	TNNT2+	GMT, MESP1, MYOCD, miR-133	23–27%	Muraoka et al. (2014)
Chemical compound	CF	MYH6-GFP+	GMT	∼30%	Mohamed et al. (2017)
	HCF	TNNT2-GCaMP5+	GMT, MYOCD, ESRRG, MESP1, ZFPM2	∼12%	Mohamed et al. (2017)
	MEF, TTF	Beating cells	GMT or GHMT	100-fold	Yamakawa et al. (2015)
	TTF	Beating cells	GMT or GHMT	4-fold	Muraoka et al. (2019)
Polycistronic puro selection	CF	Beating cells	polycistronic MGT	10-fold	Wang et al. (2015a)
Optimized GHMT-based cocktail	CFs,TTFs	MYH6-GFP+/TNNT2+	GHMT	5%–20%	Song et al. (2012)
	MEF	Beating cells	GHMT Akt1	50.0%	Zhou et al. (2015)
	CF, TTF	Beating cells	GHMT Akt1	∼0.8%	Zhou et al. (2015)
	MEF, CF, TTF	MYH6-GFP+/TNNT2+	GHMT, Akt1, PHF7	> 20%	Garry et al. (2021)
	MEF, CF, TTF	Beating cells	GHMT, Akt1, PHF7	∼2-fold	Garry et al. (2021)
	HCF	MYH6-GFP+/TNNT2+	GHMT, Myocd, PHF7	∼ 3%	Garry et al. (2021)
Chamber-specific subtype	MEF, TTF	Sarcomere+/HCN4-GFP+	GHMT	1% × ∼32%	Nam et al. (2014)
		Sarcomere+/HCN4-GFP⁻/MYL2+		1% × ∼22%
		Sarcomere+/HCN4-GFP⁻/NPPA+		1% × ∼35%
	MEF	MYL7+/TNNI3+	Polycistronic M-G-T-H	∼26%	Zhang et al. (2019a)(2021c)
		MYL2+/TNNI3+		∼16%
		Sarcomere+, beating cells		∼5–6-fold
Human Fibroblasts	H9F	MYH6-mCherry+/TNNT2+	GMT, ESRRG, MESP1, MYOCD, ZFPM2 (7F)	13.0% ± 9.3%	Fu et al. (2013)
	HCF, HDF	ACTN2+/TNNT2+	GMT, ESRRG, MESP1, MYOCD, ZFPM2 (7F)	1–4%	Fu et al. (2013)
	HFF, AHCF, AHDF	TNNT2+	GHT, Myocd, miR-1, miR-133 (6F)	∼10–35%	Nam et al. (2013)
	HCF, HDF	ACTN2+ or TNNT2+	GMT, Mesp1, Myocd (GMTMM)	∼ 5%	Wada et al. (2013)
	H9F, HCF	TNNT2+	Polycistronic hMGT + miR-133 (MGT133)	40–60%	Garbutt et al. (2020)
MicroRNA combo	MEF, CF	MYH6-CFP+	miR-1, miR-133, miR-208, miR-499 (miRcombo)	∼13–27%	Jayawardena et al. (2012)
Chemical only approach	MEF, TTF	ACTN2+ or MYH6+	small-molecule combination CRFVPT	∼10–15%	Fu et al. (2015)
	HFF	TNNT2+ cells	9 chemical compounds (9C)	6.6 ± 0.4%	Cao et al. (2016)
	HLF	TNNT2+ cells	9 chemical compounds (9C)	5.5%	Cao et al. (2016)

Acronyms: AHCF, adult human cardiac fibroblasts; AHDF, adult human dermal fibroblasts; CF, cardiac fibroblasts; H9F, H9-derived fibroblasts; HFF, neonatal human foreskin fibroblasts; HLF, human fetal lung fibroblasts; MEF, mouse embryonic fibroblasts; TTF, tail tip fibroblasts.