Table 1.

FDA-approved therapies for prostate cancer.

Drug Class	Therapy	Indication	Clinical Trial	Efficacy (Mon.)	Impact on PCa Treatment	Reference
2nd-generation antiandrogen	Enzalutamide	mCRPC	AFFIRM	OS 18.4 vs. 13.6	ENZ improves OS after chemotherapy	[14]
			PREVAIL	OS 35.3 vs. 31.3	ENZ improves OS in chemotherapy naïve	[15,16]
		nmCRPC	PROSPER	MFS 36.6 vs. 14.7	ENZ decreases the risk of metastasis	[17]
		mCSPC	ENZEMET	80% vs. 72% (3-year OS)	ENZ improves OS and decreases disease progression	[18]
			ARCHES	rPFS NR vs. 19.0	ENZ decreases the risk of metastatic progression	[19]
	Apalutamide	nmCRPC	SPARTAN	MFS 40.5 vs. 16.2	APA decreasse the risk of metastasis	[20]
		mCSPC	TITAN	2-year OS 82.4 vs. 73.5	APA improves OS and PFS	[21]
	Darolutamide	nmCRPC	ARAMIS	MFS 40.4 vs. 18.4	DA decreases the risk of metastasis	[22]
	Abiraterone	mCRPC	COA-301	OS 15.8 vs. 11.2	AB improves OS after chemotherapy	[23]
			COA-302	OS 34.7 vs. 30.3	AB improves OS in chemotherapy naïve	[24]
		High-volume CSPC	LATITUDE	OS 53.3 vs. 36.5	AB improves OS in high-risk CSPC	[25,26]
Radiotherapy	Radium 223	CRPC with symptomatic bone metastasis, no visceral metastasis	ALSYMPCA	OS 14.9 vs. 11.3	RA-223 improves OS in symptomatic bony metastatic mCRPC	[27]
	177Lu-PSMA 617	PSMA-positive mCRPC and already treated with ARB and chemotherapy	VISION	OS 15.3 vs. 11.3 rPFS 8.7 vs. 3.4	177Lu-PSMA 617 improves OS and rPFS in PSMA-positive mCRPC	[28]
Immunotherapy	Sipuleucel-T	mCRPC	IMPACT	OS 25.8 vs. 21.7	Sipuleucel-T improves OS in mCRPC	[29]
PARP-I	Olaparib	mCRPC with HRR genes mutation after ENZ or AB	PROfound	OS 18.5 vs.15.1 rPFS 7.4 cs. 3.6	Olaparib improves OS and rPFS in mCRPC with HRR gene mutation	[30]
	Rubraca	mCRPC with BRCA genes after ARB or chemotherapy	TRITON2 (phase2) TRITON3 (phase3)	ORR 43.5% (IRR) PSA response rate 54.8%	Rubraca has the antitumor activity in mCRPC with BRCA gene mutation	[31,32]

PCa = prostate cancer; nmCRPC = non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer; mCSPC = metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer; mCRPC = metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer; OS = overall survival; rPFS = Radiographic progression-free survival; FDA = Food and Drug Administration; ENZ = Enzalutamide; APA = Apalutamide; DA = Darolutamide; AB = Abiraterone; MFS = metastatic-free survival; NR = non-reached; RA-223 = Radium 223; ARB = androgen receptor blocker; HRR = homologous recombination repair; ORR = objective response rate; IRR = independent radiology review; PARP-I = Polyadenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase inhibitors.