Table 1.
The mechanisms of antibiotic resistance.
| Mechanism of Resistance | Antibiotic Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Hydrolysis, efflux, altered target | P-Lactams | Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Penems, Monobactams |
| Phosphorylation, acetylation, nucleotidylation, efflux, altered target | Aminoglycosides | Gentamicin, Streptomycin, Spectinomycin |
| Reprogramming peptidoglycan biosynthesis | Glycopeptides | Vancomycin, Teicoplanin |
| Monooxygenation, altered target, efflux | Tetracyclines | Minocycline, Tigecycline |
| Hydrolysis, efflux, altered target, glycosylation, phosphorylation, | Macrolides | Erythromycin, azithromycin |
| Nucleotidylation, efflux, altered target | Lincosamides | Clindamycin |
| Carbon-Oxygen lyase, efflux, altered target, acetylation, | Streptogramins | Synercid |
| Efflux, altered target | Oxazolidinones | Linezolid |
| Acetylation, altered target, efflux, | Phenicols | Chloramphenicol |
| Acetylation, altered target, efflux, | Quinolones | Ciprofloxacin |
| Efflux, altered target | Pyrimidines | Trimethoprim |
| Efflux, altered target | Sulfonamides | Sulfamethoxazole |
| ADP-ribosylation, altered target, efflux, | Rifamycins | Rifampin |
| Altered target | Lipopeptides | Daptomycin |
| Altered target, efflux | Cationic peptides | Colistin |