Table 1.

Summary of antioxidants for their potential role in the prevention/therapy of hearing loss.

Antioxidants		Potential Role in the Prevention/Therapy of Hearing Loss (References)
Medicine	Edaravone	Preserved ABR waves against ototoxic drugs in an animal experiment [158].
	NAC	Protected hair cell strucure against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in animal experiments [168,183], and ABR threshold was preserved against drug- and noise-induced hearing loss in human studies [159,184,229].
	Ebselen	Preserved hair cells and ABR threshold against drug- and noise-induced hearing loss in animal experiments [160,164,165,180,181].
	Q-ter	Has a potential to preserve hearing level against noise-induced hearing loss in a clnical study [171] and ameliorated ABR threshold after ototoxic drug and noise exposure [161,174].
	Methionine	The hair cell structure and ABR threshold were preserved against drug- and noise-induced hearing loss in animal experiments [162,167,175].
	L-carnitine	Prevented changes in hearing threshold and cochlear damage in newborn guinea pigs exposed to gentamicin in utero [163]
	CoQ10	Prevented ototoxic apoptosis of the hair cells in a culture experiment [166], and PTA threshold was improved in a human study [170].
	Vitamin C	ABR threshold was preserved against ototoxic drugs in an animal experiment [179].
	GSH	Improved ABR threshold shift after noise exposure, and sensory epithelium was preserved in animal experiments [172,173].
	Resveratrol	Prevented ABR threshold shift after noise exposure in an animal experiment [176].
	Anenexin	Protected stereocillia, hair cells, and cochlear nerve ater noise exposure in an animal experiment [182].
Natural foods	Green tea	Hair cell loss against noise exposure was decreased (216), and mechanotransduction currents from hair cells against ototoxic drugs were maintained [217].
	Brown seaweeds	Enabled to prevent cell damage due to ototoxic drugs in culture experiments [218,219]
New antioxidants	SIRT3-inhibitor	Aggravates cochlear damage due to loss of ribbon synapses and hair cells, increase in apoptosis of hair cells, and ROS production [220].
	Pyrroloquinoline quinone	Pyrroloquinoline quinone-treated cells showed decreased mitochondrial potential, promoted mitochondrial fusion, and accelerated mitochondrial movement [221].

NAC, N-acetyl-L-cysteine; CoQ10, coenzyme q10; GSH, glutathione; SIRT, Sirtuin proteins; CoQ, coenzyme q10, ABR, auditory brainstem response, PTA: pure tone audiogram; ROS, reactive oxygen species.