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Autophagy-targeting compounds for the treatment of IVDD. Activating compounds (i.e., apigenin) targeting autophagy could reduce IVD cell apoptosis, ECM breakdown, senescence, and CEP inflammation and calcification, thereby balancing levels of IVD ECM components and preventing IVDD. Autophagy inhibiting compounds (i.e., estradiol) reverse this reaction. Black and red lines represent reactions at the balanced or imbalanced ECM condition, respectively.
