Table 6.
Hematological and immunological indices and lipid peroxidation and antioxidant biomarkers of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) fed diets supplemented with variable levels of omega-3-NPs for 12 weeks.
| Parameters | Supplemental Omega-3-NPs (g/kg Diet) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | I | II | III | p Value | SEM | |
| RBCs (×106/μL) | 2.32 | 2.59 | 2.52 | 2.56 | 0.580 | 0.07 |
| Ht (%) | 28.87 | 28.37 | 29.10 | 29.37 | 0.345 | 0.42 |
| Hb (g/dL) | 9.11 | 9.60 | 9.58 | 9.84 | 0.085 | 0.09 |
| Total protein (g/dL) | 3.07 c | 3.13 c | 4.20 b | 5.33a | <0.001 | 0.10 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 1.99 b | 2.96 a | 2.38 ab | 2.28 b | 0.012 | 0.07 |
| Globulin (g/dL) | 1.07 d | 1.2 c | 1.71 b | 2.50 a | <0.001 | 0.13 |
| ALT (U/L) | 47.17 | 48.37 | 45.23 | 47.20 | 0.578 | 7.23 |
| AST(U/L) | 29.71 ab | 27.71 b | 31.54 a | 28.54 ab | 0.041 | 1.87 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.52 | 0.50 | 0.49 | 0.50 | 0.869 | 0.001 |
| Urea (mg/dL) | 5.00 a | 4.70 ab | 4.65 ab | 4.49 b | 0.054 | 0.04 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 92.53 a | 87.70 ab | 81.25 b | 69.74 c | 0.001 | 16.95 |
| Triacylglycerol (mg/dL) | 71.63 | 69.96 | 73.63 | 66.96 | 0. 241 | 13.92 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 33.23 c | 42.66 b | 47.13 ab | 52.44 a | <0.001 | 6.93 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 44.98 a | 31.05 b | 19.39 b | 13.90 c | <0.001 | 33.61 |
| VLDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 14.33 | 13.99 | 14.73 | 13.39 | 0.241 | 0.56 |
| IgM (μg/mL) | 24.90 c | 32.63 b | 36.84 ab | 38.74 a | <0.001 | 6.00 |
| Serum lysozyme (μg/mL) | 0.76 c | 1.21 b | 1.37 b | 1.63 a | <0.001 | 0.01 |
| MPO (μmoL/L, OD 450 nm) | 0.53 c | 0.63 c | 0.81 b | 1.07 a | <0.001 | 0. 004 |
| Serum alternative complementary (u/mL) | 215.10 c | 228.33 b | 239.57 a | 250.29 a | <0.001 | 24.18 |
RBCs (red blood cells), Ht, (hematocrit), Hb (hemoglobin), WBCs (white blood cells), ALT (alanine transaminase), AST (aspartate transaminase), HDL(high density lipoprotein), LDL (low density lipoprotein), VLDL (very low-density lipo-protein), IgM (immunoglobulin M), MPO (myeloperoxidase), Mean values with several letters in the same row diverge significantly at p < 0.05, omega-NPs (omega-3 nanoparticles), SEM (standard error of the mean). Serum lysozyme activity was substantially increased in the group supplemented with a 2 g/kg diet of omega-3 NPs followed by the group supplemented with 1 and 2 g/kg of omega-3 NPs compared to the control (p < 0.05) group. Furthermore, the highest values (p < 0.05) of alternative complement, myeloperoxidase, and immunoglobulin type M were detected in groups supplemented with a 2 and 3 g/kg diet of omega-3 NPs when compared with the control group.