Table 5.

Published studies supporting GSH supplementation in COVID-19.

Therapeutic Agent	Objectives of the Study	Major Findings	Type of Study	References
GSH	To explore the role of GSH and other thiols in neutralizing the effect of peroxynitrite-mediated DNA damage through stable GSH-DNA adduct formation	Protective role of GSH against the PN-mediated toxic effect at the site of inflammation	In vitro	[208]
GSNO or GSNO-Nebulization	To explore IV infusion of GSNO in nebulization (diabetic stroke, hypoxia circumstances as COVID-19)	GSNO-nebulization enhanced collateral microvascular perfusion in the early hours of hypoxia	In vivo mice model	[209]
GlyNAC	To explore the GlyNAC effect on longevity in mice	GlyNAC mice lived longer than controls, improved/corrected impaired GSH synthesis, GSH deficiency, OxS, mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal mitophagy and nutrient-sensing, and genomic-damage	In vivo mice model	[211]
Case 1: a dose of 2 g up to twice a day PO + probiotics Case 2: liposomal l- GSH + azithromycin+ hydroxychloroquine	To explore the effects of using high dose oral and/or IV GSH in the treatment of 2 patients with dyspnea secondary to COVID-19 pneumonia	Oral and IV GSH may represent a novel treatment approach for blocking NF-κB and addressing “cytokine storm syndrome” and respiratory distress in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia	Case report (2 patients)	[210]

GSH: glutathione, NAC: N-Acetylcysteine, IV: intravenous, GSNO: S-Nitrosoglutathione, GlyNAC: combination of glycine and NAC.