Table 1.
Summary of the individual studies’ outcomes.
| Author/Year/Country | Participants | Age (Mean) | Salivary Oxidative Stress Evaluation | Type of Exercise | Results | Main Conclusions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biagini 2020 Italy |
n = 10 swimming athletes |
23 ± 5 years | Carbonyls, isoprostanes e prostanoids [5 min before the test (t0), at the maximal exercise peak (t1), 2.5 (t2), 5 min (t3) and 10 (t4) minutes after the VO2max] Non-stimulated collection of saliva in tubes Spectrophotometric evaluation |
Incremental cycle ergometer test Workload of 25 W for the first 5 min followed by an increase of 25 W every minute until fatigue 70 rpm |
15-F2t-IsoP (pg/mL): t0: 14 ± 6; t1: 17 ± 7; t2: 12 ± 1; t3: 11 ± 2; t4: 14 ± 2; |
The results showed a significant increase in the oxidative stress biomarkers (isoprostanes) during physical exercise with a marked decrease to baseline levels, 10 min after the maximum peak observed in exercise. |
| Cavas, 2005 Turkey |
n = 12 males judoists |
18 ± 3.2 years | FSA, SOD, CAT, GSH-Px Two intervals 2 h Pre-test 2 h Post-training Non-stimulated collection of saliva in tubes Spectrophotometric evaluation |
2 h Judo training session |
SOD (IU/mg protein)Pre-training: 1.29 ± 0.56; Post-training: 1.83 ± 0.49. CAT (IU/mg protein) Pre-training: 9.12 ± 1.14 Post-training: 16.27 ± 2.56; GSH-Px (IU/mg protein) Pre-training: 1.55 ± 0.05; Post-training: 1.80 ± 0.08. FSA (mg protein/mL) Pre-training: 0.182 ± 0.010; Post-training: 1.80 ± 0.020 |
There was an increase of all antioxidant parameters evaluated as well as an increase of FSA levels in saliva. |
| Damirchi, 2015 Iran |
n = 16 | 24.7 ± 2.4 years | CAT, SOD, POD Pre- and post-evaluation One hour later With/without loading Non-stimulated collection of saliva in tubes Spectrophotometric evaluation |
Treadmill run: Warm-up of 3 min (8.05 km/h) and gradient increase of 2.5% every 2 min until exhaustion |
Increase of SOD, CAT, POD post-exercise (p < 0.05) with and without loading # |
After exhaustive aerobic exercise, the results demonstrate a significant increase in salivary antioxidant enzymes SOD and POD, and CAT activity in response to the rise in free radicals caused by aerobic exercise. |
| Deminice, 2010 Brazil |
n = 11 healthy and well-trained males |
25.9 ± 2.8 years | Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), lipid hydroperoxides, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), uric acid (UA), Glutathione reduced (GSH), Pre-test/Post-test (10 min) Non-stimulated collection of saliva in tubes Spectrophotometric evaluation |
Resistance hypertrophy training 3 sets of 10 reps. of bench press, cable pull down, overhead press, leg extension, leg flexion and leg press −75% 1 RM |
TBARS (µmol/L): Pre: 2.0 ± 1.2; Post: 2.5 ± 1.2; Lipid hydroperoxides (µ mol H2O2 equivalents/L): Pre: 10.2 ± 2.6; Post: 11.4 ± 4.5; AOPP (µmol chloramine -T equivalents/L): Pre: 30.8 ± 14.8; Post: 37.4 ± 17.5; Uric acid (mg/dL): Pre: 2.1 ± 1.1; Post 3.1 ± 1.1 *; GSH (mml/L): Pre: 0.16 ± 0.03; Post: 0.18 ± 0.01 |
After the resistance hypertrophy training, UA levels were significantly higher. However, the other parameters did not present a statistical difference. |
| Faelli, 2020 Italy |
n = 20 | CrossFit: 24.6 ± 3.4 years RT: 26.3 ± 3.6 years |
Uric acid Cotton swabs and saliva collection tubes ELISA immunosorbent assay |
Cross-fit and resistance training (RT) Cross-fit session: 2 min of rest between exercises 4 min of running, jumping rope; pull-ups and squats, front squats and kettlebell swings at 50–60% 1RM RT: 60 min, 3 sets of 15 reps. (i.e., bicep curls, lateral pulldowns, triceps pulldowns, bench presses, military presses, leg extensions, reverse leg curls, and seated leg presses). |
Uric acid (mg/dL): CrossFitPre_1: 8.68 ± 0.55; Post_1 11.62 ± 0.36 *; Pre_ 24: 9.18 ± 0.53; Post_24: 12.51± 0.31 * RT Pre_1: 5.42 ± 0.41; Post_1 7.18 ± 0.51 *; Pre_ 24: 6.22 ± 0.38; Post_24: 7.79 ± 0.70 * |
Uric acid levels increased in both groups acutely. |
| Filaire 2010 France |
n = 20 judo competitors |
22.3 ± 1.4 years | GSH-Px (T1 = before the training session; T2 = after the training session; T3 = after six weeks just before the training session; T4 = after six weeks after the training session) Non-stimulated collection of saliva in tubes Fluorometric high-performance liquid chromatography–HPLC |
2 h—Judo-training session Judospecific skills and drills and randori (fighting practice) with varying intensity of 85–90% of VO2max |
GSH-Px (U/g): T1: 48.6 ± 2.5; T2: 54.2 ± 23.5 *; T3: 45.6 ± 3.0; T4: 53.0 ± 2.9 |
A significant increase of GSH-Px was detected after the training session (p < 0.05). |
| Gonzalez, 2008 Venezuela |
n = 24 | 27.21 ± 9.64 years | UA, TAC, Lipid hydroperoxides, nitrite determination (NO2) Stimulated collection of saliva in tubes (gum chewing) Spectrophotometric evaluation |
10 km race | UA (p = 0.003), TAC increased (p < 0.0001); lipid hydroperoxides decreased (p < 0.0001); NO2 no effect (p > 0.05) # |
Aerobic exercise-induced increased both TAC and UA. |
| Kontorshchikova, 2017 Russian Federation |
n = 23 track and field athletes, swimming athletes |
18.7 ± 0.6 years | DC, TC, SB Unstimulated collection of saliva in tubes Spectrophotometric evaluation |
Anaerobic interval physical exercise 3×100 m distances by a flat race with an active 45 s rest between them for the track and field athletes, 4 × 50 m by the main swimming style with an active rest between the distances also for 45 s for the swimmers. |
DC (relative units): Before exercise: 0.29 ± 0.01; After exercise: 0.31 ± 0.02. TC (relative units): Before exercise: 0.35 ± 0.03; After exercise: 0.49 ± 0.04. SB (relative units): Before exercise: 99.94 ± 9.41; After exercise: 189.12 ± 7.69. SB/(DC + TC) (relative units): Before exercise 158.65 ± 9.22; After exercise 237.88 ± 8.84. |
There was an increase of lipid peroxidation levels (DC, TC, SB) after physical exercise. |
| Mahdivand, 2013 Iran |
n = 20 athlete students |
23 ± 2 years | TAC Non-stimulated collection of saliva in tubes ELISA |
Session training concurrent (aerobic and resistance) for 100 min. 10 min warm-up (moderate running and stretching) 20 min of running with 85–80% of maximum heart rate (MHR); 10 min of active recovery; followed by 50 min (opening leg, chest press, back thigh, underarm stretch, triceps and biceps) in three sets of 6–8 repetitions at 85–90% of 1RM; cooling step to 10 min (walking and stretching) |
Total antioxidant capacity (µL. mL−1): Before: 1.96 ± 0.199; 1 h After: 1.74 ± 0.222; 24 h After: 1.78 ± 0.217. |
Training concurrent (aerobic—resistance) can significantly reduce salivary total antioxidant levels. |
| Massart, 2012 France |
n = 28 female judoists |
23.4 ± 1.8 years | MDA, Lipid peroxides (POOL), GPx T1 Pre-test/T2 Post-test 20 min/10 min Non-stimulated collection of saliva in tubes Fluorometric high-performance liquid chromatography—HPLC |
Judo training session |
Cdmax (UA): NCU: T1: 93.4 ± 9.5; T2: 125.4 ± 11.3; Rmax (UA): NCU: T1: 1.33 ± 0.2; T2: 1.22 ± 0.1; MDA (µg.Ml−1): NCU: T1: 0.04 ± 0.01; T2: 0.07 ± 0.01; POOL: NCU: T1: 278.9 ± 24.6; T2: 378.0 ± 13.9; GPx (U.g−1) NCU: T1: 62.5 ± 4.3; T2: 73.1 ± 2.3. |
Training was able to increase the levels of some antioxidants in athletes. |
| Menezes, 2019 Brazil |
n = 14 | 22 ± 1 years | NO2–, Alpha-Amylase, Lactate, UA, TAC, TBARS, SOD. Non-stimulated collection of saliva in tubes Spectrophotometric evaluation |
acute intense exercise Cycle ergometer 35-watt increments every 2 min and a fixed rotation of 70 rpm until exhaustion At least 30 min of test |
NO decrease (p < 0.05) UA increased (p < 0.05) TBARS decrease (p < 0.05) # |
There was an increased salivary level of NO, uric acid and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and TBARS levels. |
| Nobari, 2021 Iran |
n = 40 young men | 22.93 ± 1.76 years | POX, SOD, CAT Non-stimulated collection of saliva in tubes Spectrophotometric evaluation |
Pre- and post-acute intense exercise, and after one hour Treadmill run 8.05 km/h for three minutes. After 3 min the incline was set to 2.5% for every 2 min |
POX—F (1, 263.49). p < 001 CAT—F (2135.79). p < 0.001 SOD—F(1.33,108.02) p < 0.001 # |
The results demonstrate that intense and acute exercise increases the antioxidant capacity even after one hour after training. |
| Ovchinnikov, 2019 Russia |
n = 70; cyclical sports (swimming and athletics) | 16–20 Years | DC, TC, GSH Non-stimulated collection of saliva in tubes Spectrophotometric evaluation |
Running and swimming training 3 × 100 m distances by a flat race with an active 45 s rest between them for the track and field athletes, 4 × 50 m by the main swimming style with an active rest between the distances also for 45 s for the swimmers. |
Swimmers (n = 40) DC Before: 0.28 ± 0.001 After: 0.28 ± 0.002 TC Before: 0.35 ± 0.004 After: 0.37 ± 0.004 * GSH Before: 127.23 ± 3.42 After: 147.24 ± 4.81 * General athletes (n = 30) DC Before: 0.28 ± 0.003 After: 0.29 ± 0.004 * TC Before: 0.33 ± 0.009 After: 0.34 ± 0.008* GSH Before: 89.27 ± 3.59 After: 141.83 ± 7.50 * |
Physical activities with maximum power with rest intervals stimulate the generation of MDA and increased levels of GSH for track and field and swim athletes. |
| Podrigalo, 2015 Ukraine |
n = 26 weightlifting athletes |
22.13 ± 3.24 years | DC, TC, (TBARS) CAT, SH, GSH Non-stimulated collection of saliva in tubes Spectrophotometric evaluation |
Group 1- wrestling’s competition 1a: experienced sportsmen; 1b: beginners’ sportsmen group 2- training Competition and dynamic training loads |
Malonic dialdehyde (µmol/l): 1a group: Before: 6.86 ± 1.96; After: 4.77 ± 1.03. 1b group: Before: 3.08 ± 0.69, After: 6.85 ± 1.14 *. 2 group: Before: 3.12 ± 0.35; After: 8.18 ± 1.60 * Diene conjugates (µmol/L): 1a group: Before: 41.26 ± 4.78; After: 29.55 ± 3.21 *. 1b group: Before: 27.88 ± 2.87, After: 38.54 ± 3.50 *. 2 group: Before: 28.38 ± 1.11; After: 83.33 ± 9.69 *. CAT (µcat/L) 1a group: Before: 4.28 ± 0.57; After: 4.19 ± 0.39. 1b group: Before: 2.63 ± 0.35, After: 4.98 ± 0.47 *. 2 group: Before: 1.78 ± 0.21; After: 3.91 ± 0.51 GSH (mmol/L): 1a group: Before: 3.18 ± 0.66; After: 3.64 ± 0.57. 1b group: Before: 2.82 ± 0.51, After: 3.45 ± 0.45. 2 group: Before: 1.39 ± 0.20; After: 3.10 ± 0.35 * SH-groups (mmol/L) 1a group: Before: 2.26 ± 0.59; After: 1.68 ± 0.47. 1b group: Before: 1.31 ± 0.34, After: 1.93 ± 0.23. 2nd group: Before: 1.05 ± 0.14; After: 2.36 ± 0.39 * |
Bio-chemical criteria of different skillfulness sportsmen illustrate different degree of stability and capacity of adaptation potentials. |
| Rodrigues de Araujo, 2018 Brazil |
n = 32 | 21.2 ± 4.2 years | SOD, CAT, GSH, GSSG, TBARS, MDA, Uric Acid Non-stimulated collection of saliva in tubes Spectrophotometric evaluation |
high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) Successive 40 m sprints with direction changes Bangsbo sprint test |
TBARs (nmol/mL): Pre: 9.20 ± 3.13; Post: 8.50 ± 2.43; MDA (µM): Pre: 5.40 ± 2.15; Post: 5.37 ± 1.52; GSSG (µM): Pre: 2.04 ± 1.18; Post: 2.10 ± 1.13; Uric acid (mg/dL): Pre: 2.66 ± 1.33; Post: 1.66 ± 0.92 *; SOD (U/g.dL−1): Pre: 32.59 ± 43.88; Post: 37.41 ± 42.05; CAT (U/g.dL−1): Pre: 1.65 ± 1.53; Post: 1.66 ± 2.90. |
In terms of redox homeostasis, the authors saw varying findings for TBARs, MDA, GSH, GSSG, CAT, and SOD, while uric acid decreased significantly. |
| Sant’Anna, 2016 Brazil |
n = 7 military athletes |
27.1 ± 5.4 years | TBARS, TAC, GSH, UA Non-stimulated collection of saliva in tubes Spectrophotometric evaluation |
Exercise test (RAST) warm up-5 min + 6 × 35 m sprint. |
TBARS (µM): Pre: 0.9 ± 0.2; Post: 1.9 ± 0.2. TAC: It increased by 46.6% after exercise compared to before. GSH: There was no significant change # Uric acid (µM): Pre 178.9 ± 21.4; Post: 293.5 ± 9.4 |
RAST triggers free radical production, as evaluated by lipid peroxidation in saliva, and at the same time reveals an increased antioxidant activity as a adaption. |
| Sariri, 2013 Iran |
n = 28 male athlete university students |
22.9 ± 1.5 years |
UA, CAT, POX, SOD Non-stimulated collection of saliva in tubes Spectrophotometric evaluation |
Treadmill Run Astrand test at 8.01 km/h |
Both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants increased immediately significantly after exercise. # |
Aerobic exercise until exhaustion increases the activity of SOD, catalase, peroxidase in saliva of athlete men. |
| Sari-Sarraf, 2016 Iran |
n = 27 | 18–21 years | MDA, TAC Non-stimulated collection of saliva in tubes Spectrophotometric evaluation |
a progressive exercise to exhaustion on treadmill |
TAC (µmol/mL): Pratice: Pre: 0.79 ± 0.20; Post: 0.88 ± 0.17; Exautive: 0.87 ± 0.21; Control: Pre: 0.77 ± 0.18; Post: 0.79 ± 0.23; Exautive: 0.77 ± 0.23; MDA (nmol/mL): Pratice: Pre: 0.48 ± 0.14; Post: 0.51 ± 0.17; Exautive: 0.54 ± 0.16; Control: Pre: 0.52 ± 0.17; Post: 0.49 ± 0.23; Exautive: 0.46 ± 0.10 |
Physical activity promoted an increase in lipid peroxidation and reduced antioxidant capacity, additionally it was observed that the increase in lipid peroxidation was lower in the trained group, demonstrating that physical conditioning can induce a protective effect against lipid peroxidation |
| Sone, 2019 Japan |
n = 9 healthy men |
23.8 ± 1.4 years | NO levels Cotton swabs and saliva collection tubes ELISA immunosorbent assay |
Cycling After a 10-min warm-up, subjects cycled for 50 min at 80% VO2peak |
Nitrite (µmol/L): Pre-exercise: Pre: 447 ± 65; Post 0 h: 353 ± 57; Post 1 h: 367 ± 56; Post 2 h: 355 ± 49; Post 3 h: 303 ± 44. Exercise: Pre: 388 ± 82; Post 0 h: 380 ± 76; Post 1 h: 389 ± 66; Post 2 h: 401 ± 63; Post 3 h: 365 ± 53. |
The results demonstrate that salivary NO levels are increased because of exercise-related stress. |
| Souza, 2019 Brazil |
n = 13 healthy men |
27.62 ± 1.28 years | NO, TAC, SOD, CAT, GSH, UA Non-stimulated collection of saliva in tubes Spectrophotometric evaluation |
Resistance exercise (RE): 3 sets of 12-repetition maximum (12- RM) in squat (smith machine), leg press 45°, lying leg curl, and stiff exercises, in that order, with a 2 min recovery interval between sets and exercises. High-Intensity Interval Exercise (HIIE): 1 min cycling bouts at 100% of wVO2max, interspersed with 1 min of passive recovery periods at 40% of VO2max until voluntary exhaustion. The continuous exercise (CE) protocol: continuous cycling for 60 min at 50–60% of wVO2max. |
NO decrease (p < 0.05) -RT, HIIE, and CT TAC, SOD, CAT, GSH, UA increased (p < 0.05) for HIIE and CE # |
The results demonstrate an increase in the activity levels of amylase, total protein, and salivary nitric oxide. Additionally, in RE showed a small increase in antioxidants, while in HIIE and CE this response was more accentuated. |
| Viana-gomes, 2018 Brazil |
n = 8 soccer players |
27.2 ± 5.5 years | TAC, TBARS, UA. Cotton swabs and saliva collection tubes Spectrophotometric evaluation |
48 h post-game-one (day 4): 1-h training session designed to simulate a game 72 h Post-game one (day 5): Resistance training consisted of 3 sets of leg press, leg extensions, leg curls, power cleans and calf raises each with self-suggested recovery intervals between sets and exercises. 24 h post-game two (day 7): low-intensity jogging for15 min (~60% heart rate peak) and low-intensity (i.e., 2 sets per exercise) resistance training over 30 min. |
UA (IU/dL) Basal: 2.5 ± 0.3; P-G1: 2.2 ± 0.4; 48 P-G1: 2.5 ± 2.1; P-G2: 2.4 ± 0.8; 24 P-G2: 2.6 ± 2.5; 48 P-G2: 1.5 ± 0.2. TBARS (µmol/L) Basal: 2.1 ± 0.3; P-G1: 3.1 ± 0.4; 48 P-G1: 2.0 ± 0.2; P-G2: 3.4 ± 0.4; 24 P-G2: 2.2 ± 0.3; 48 P-G2: 2.3 ± 0.2. |
The results showed an increase in TBARS after both games compared to uric acid reduction after 48 h. The antioxidant capacity did not differ. |
| Volodchenko, 2019 Ukraine |
n = 18 kickboxers |
17.29 ± 0.31 years | MDA TBARS, CAT, SOD, Sh-group concentration Non-stimulated collection of saliva in tubes Spectrophotometric evaluation |
Training session of 110–130 min warm-up, general development exercises for all muscle groups and exercises stretching (30–35 min); main session block, kicking and striking techniques (40–45 min) and sparring (30–35 min); cool down, breathing and relaxation exercises (10–15 min). |
MDA (µmol/L): Before: 4.57 ± 0.25; After: 9.81 ± 0.25 *; Diene conjugates (µmol/L): Before: 24.46 ± 0.31; After: 37.79 ± 0.53 *; CAT (µKat/L): Before: 41.71 ± 0.35; After: 47.85 ± 0.79 *; SH-groups (µmol/L): Before: 2.08 ± 0.16; After: 0.85 ± 0.13 *; SOD Before: 2.07 ± 0.17; After:3.48 ± 0.24 *; |
Increased levels of MDA, DC, SH were found after training session. Antioxidant parameters were also reported with elevated levels. |
* Statistical significance (p < 0.05); # The study did not include the numerical values (e.g., Mean, median, standard deviation, etc.); CAT—Catalase; DC—Diene conjugates; FSA—Free Sialic Acid; GSH—Reduced Gluthatione; GSH-Px—Reduced Gluthatione and peroxidase activity; MDA—Malonaldehyde; NO—Nitric Oxide; POX—Peroxidase; SH—Sulfhydryls groups; SOD—Superoxide dismutase; TBARS—Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TAC—Total antioxidant capacity; TC—Triene conjugates; UA—Uric acid; GSSG—Oxidized gluthatione; 1 RM—One repetition maximum; RT—Resistance training.