Table 1.
Characteristics of Studies Included in the Systematic Review.
| First Author, Year | Population | Reported Control Testing | Month[s] and Year[s] Captured | ME Group | Control Group | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Age, mean ± SD * (Years) | N | Age, mean ± SD * (Years) | ||||
| Dack K, 2019 | Adult Patients | CSF culture and GS | 7/8/2015−8/6/2017 | 47 | − | 50 | − |
| Diaz KMO, 2020 | Adult Patients | CSF culture and GS, CSF fungal culture, blood cultures, CT and MRI imaging (suspected encephalitis cases), India ink stain, CMV PCR and CrAg (patients with HIV diagnosis). | Before and after implementation of panel (May 2016) | 46 | 43.75 ± 5.25 | 52 | 35.75 ± 5 |
| DiDiodato G, 2019 | Unspecified | CSF cell count, CSF glucose and protein, CSF culture and GS, CSF fungal culture and stains, HSV PCR (send-out), EV PCR (send-out) | 4/1/2016−31/3/2018 | 53 | 43.99 ± 25.7 | 64 | 51.3 ± 20.7 |
| Evans M, 2020 |
Adult and Pediatric Patients | CSF cell count, CSF glucose and protein, CSF bacterial/fungal culture, HSV PCR (batched testing), EV PCR (in-house), CMV PCR (send-out), HHV-6 PCR (send-out), EBV PCR (send-out) | 04/01/2016−12/01/2017 | 76 | Min age: 0 Max age: 89 |
132 | Min age: 0 Max age: 89 |
| Hagen A, 2020 |
Pediatric Patients | Viral PCR send-out tests (HSV-1/2, EV, and HHV-6) | 01/2012−02/2017 | 46 | 0.8 ± 1.4 | 46 | 0.7 ± 1.3 |
| McDonald D, 2020 | Pediatric Patients | CSF cell count, culture, molecular respiratory pathogen panel | 01/2015−09/2018 | 61 | 1.3 ± 1.0 | 186 | 1.2 ± 0.9 |
| Mina Y, 2019 |
Unspecified | CSF cell count, CSF culture, blood culture | 01/2010−06/2018 | 8 | 40 ± 26 | 23 | 43 ± 20 |
| Moffa MA, 2020 | Adult Patients | CSF cell count, CSF glucose and protein, CSF culture, HSV PCR (send-out), VSV PCR (send-out), CMV PCR (send-out) | 10/2016−9/2018 | 79 | 49.9 ± 17.5 | 81 | 50.6 ± 20.1 |
| Mostyn A, 2020 |
Unspecified | CSF cell count, CSF culture and GS, latex agglutination tests (N. meningitidis A, B, C, Y, and W135; E. coli K1; H. influenzae Type B; S. pneumoniae; S. agalactiae), bacterial PCR send-out tests (N. meningitidis, E. coli K1, H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, S. agalactiae), viral PCR send out tests (HSV 1, HSV 2, VZV, HHV-6), CrAg | 12/2016−07/2017 | 16 | − | 18 | − |
| Nabower AM, 2019 | Pediatric Patients | CSF cell count, CSF culture, EV PCR, HSV PCR | 6/2015−7/2017 | 223 | <30 days: 67 (30.0%) 30−90 days: 100 (44.8%) >90 days: 57 (25.6%) |
348 | <30 days: 121 (34.8%) 30−90 days: 129 (37.1%) >90 days: 98 (28.2%) |
| O’Brien MP, 2018 | Pediatric Patients | CSF cell count, CSF glucose and protein, CSF culture, viral PCR on-site tests (HSV and VZV), viral PCR send-out tests (HPeV and EV) | 11/2014−5/2017 | 29 | − | 36 | − |
| Posnakoglou L, 2020 | Pediatric Patients | CSF cell count, CSF glucose and protein, CSF culture and GS, viral PCR send-out tests (not defined, ordered at physician discretion) | 4/2018−4/2019 | 71 | 2.1 ± 4.4 | 71 | 1.1 ± 2.2 |
| Walker M, 2021 |
Adult Patients | CSF cell count, CSF diagnostics (not defined) | 6/2015−9/2016 | 91 | − | 72 | − |
CMV: cytomegalovirus; CrAg: cryptococcal antigen; CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; CT: computed tomography; EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; EV: enterovirus; GS: Gram stain; HHV-6: human herpesvirus 6; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; HPeV: human parechovirus; HSV: herpes simplex virus; ME: meningitis and/or encephalitis; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; SD: standard deviation; VSV: vesicular stomatitis virus; VZV: varicella zoster virus. * Unless otherwise indicated.