Table 1.
Brain anatomic and function assessment.
| Participants | Study Design | Article | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Task-based fMRI: | |||
| Biomarker of: | |||
| ↗ abstinence: ↗ midbrain activity during a MIDT ↘ abstinence: ↗ ventral striatum and NAcc activity during a MIDT ↘ craving: ↗ ventral striatum activity during a MIDT |
N = 57 | Prospective | Balodis et al., 2016 [26] |
| ↗ cue-induced craving: ↗ right ventral striatum activity during a CCQ-N | N = 20 | Cross-sectional | Bell et al., 2014 [18] |
| ↗ abstinence: ↘ dlPFC and left PCC activity during a Stroop Task ↘ abstinence: ↘ right striatum activity during a Stroop Task |
N = 22 | Prospective | Brewer et al., 2008 [27] |
| ↗ abstinence: ↗ PCC activity during an Odball Task | N = 45 | Prospective | Clark et al., 2014 [20] |
| ↘ lifetime stimulant use: ↘ dACC activity during a reaction time task | N = 87 | Cross-sectional | Claus et al., 2018 [28] |
| ↗ abstinence: ↗ PFC activity during a response inhibition task | N = 27 | Cross-sectional | Connolly et al., 2012 [29] |
| ↘ abstinence: ↗ thalamus, right caudate and culmen activity during a MIDT ↘ treatment retention: ↗ left amygdala and left PHG activity during a MIDT |
N = 20 | Prospective | Jia et al., 2011 [30] |
| ↗ relapse: ↗ PrG, PCC, STG, LiG, and IOG activity during exposure to cocaine-related cues | N = 17 | Prospective | Kosten et al., 2006 [31] |
| ↗ abstinence: ↘ intrinsic connectivity in ventral striatum, right insula, left hippocampus, substantia nigra, and thalamus during a Stroop Task | N = 16 | Prospective | Mitchell et al., 2013 [32] |
| ↘ abstinence: ↘ thalamus activity during a working memory task | N = 19 | Cross-sectional | Moeller et al., 2010 [33] |
| ↘ abstinence: ↗ right putamen, insula, and bilateral occipital regions during exposure to cocaine-related cues | N = 30 | Prospective | Prisciandaro et al., 2013 [34] |
| ↗ abstinence: ↘ amygdala, FuG and PHG activity during exposure to cocaine-related cues | N = 73 | Prospective | Regier et al., 2021 [35] |
| ↗ cocaine use in the prior month: ↘ thalamus and vmPFC during a reaction time task | N = 54 | Cross-sectional | Zhang et al., 2014 [36] |
| Resting-state: | |||
| Biomarker of: | |||
| ↗ relapse: ↗ rsFC between PCC and precuneus | N = 40 | Prospective | Adinoff et al., 2015 [37] |
| ↗ relapse: ↗ rsFC between NAcc and FPC, ↗ rsFC between NAcc and posterior cingulate gyrus, ↗ rsFC between subgenual ACC and left PFC | N = 18 | Prospective | Camchong et al., 2014 [38] |
| ↗ years of cocaine use: ↘ rsFC between VTA and thalamus, lentiform nucleus and NAcc | N = 39 | Cross-sectional | Gu et al., 2010 [39] |
| ↗ relapse: ↘ rsFC between left corticomedial amygdala and vmPFC and rACC ↗ abstinence: ↘ rsFC between bilateral amygdala and lingual gyrus and cuneus |
N = 45 | Prospective | McHugh et al., 2014 [19] |
| ↘ relapse: ↗ rsFC in the executive control network, ↗ rsFC between bilateral dlPFC, IFG, right IPL, dmPFC, and left vlPFC ↗ relapse: ↗ rsFC in the default mode network, ↗ rsFC between bilateral precuneus and amygdala and hippocampus, ↗ rsFC between bilateral cuneus, visual cortex, vmOFC, thalamus, FuG, and left precuneus |
N = 43 | Prospective | Zhai et al., 2021 [40] |
| Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI): | |||
| Biomarker of: | |||
| ↗ abstinence: ↗ WM integrity in frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes and rostral corpus callosum, cerebellum, and rostral midbrain | N = 16 | Prospective | Xu et al., 2010 [41] |
| Positron Emission Tomography (PET-SCAN): | |||
| Biomarker of: | |||
| ↗ abstinence: ↗ creatine levels in frontal and parietal GM and frontal WM, ↗ choline-containing metabolites levels in parietal GM, ↗ myo-inositol levels in thalamus | N = 18 | Cross-sectional | Abé et al., 2013 [42] |
| ↗ cocaine use: ↘ GABA levels in ACC, N-acetylaspartate levels in cortical GM | N = 28 | Cross-sectional | Abé et al., 2013 [43] |
| ↗ abstinence: ↗ dopamine signaling in the limbic striatum | N = 25 | Prospective | Martinez et al., 2011 [44] |
| Anatomical MRI: | |||
| Biomarker of: | |||
| ↗ years of cocaine use: ↘ GM volume in cingulate cortex and bilateral superior frontal gyri | N = 84 | Cross-sectional | Ide et al., 2014 [45] |
| ↘ abstinence: ↗ WM volume in hippocampus | N = 23 | Prospective | Xu et al., 2014 [46] |
| Electroencephalography: | |||
| Biomarker of: | |||
| ↗ craving: ↗ cue-induced LPP at 1 and 6 months of abstinence | N = 76 | Cross-sectional | Parvaz et al., 2016 [47] |
↘: decreased, ↗: increased, ACC: anterior cingulate cortex, CCQ-N: Cocaine Craving Questionnaire-Now, dACC: dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, dlPFC: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, dmPFC: dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, FuG: fusiform gyrus, FPC: frontopolar cortex, GM: gray matter, IFG: inferior frontal gyrus, IOG: inferior occipital gyrus, IPL: inferior parietal lobule, LiG: lingual gyrus, LPP: late positive potential, MIDT: Monetary Incentive Delay Test, NAcc: nucleus accumbens, PCC: posterior cingulate cortex, PFC: prefrontal cortex, PHC: parahippocampal gyrus, PrG: precentral gyrus, rACC: rostral anterior cingulate cortex, rsFC: resting-state functional connectivity, STG: superior temporal gyrus, vlPFC: ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, vmOFC: ventromedial orbitofrontal cortex, vmPFC: ventromedial prefrontal cortex, VTA: ventral tegmental area, WM: white matter.