Table 2.

Neuropsychological and cognitive challenges.

	Participants	Study Design	Article
Biomarker of:
↗ cocaine reactivity: ↗ attentional bias during a cocaine-word Stroop Task	N = 114	Cross-sectional	Anastasio et al., 2014 [49]
↗ treatment retention: ↘ Stroop interference effect	N = 22	Prospective	Brewer et al., 2008 [32]
↗ relapse: ↘ cognitive flexibility scores on the WCST	N = 45	Prospective	Clark et al., 2014 [20]
↗ relapse: ↘ memory score on the RAVLT	N = 36	Prospective	Fox et al., 2009 [50]
↗ abstinence: ↗ Stroop interference effect	N = 13	Prospective	Mitchell et al., 2013 [32]
↗ treatment dropout: ↗ attentional bias during a Stroop Task	N = 74	Prospective	Streeter et al., 2008 [51]

↘: decreased, ↗: increased, RAVLT: Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, WCST: Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.