Table 4.

Genetic and genomic biomarkers.

	Participants	Study Design	Article
Biomarker of:
↗ cocaine cue reactivity: carrying the SER23 variation of the 5-HT2C receptor	N = 114	Cross-sectional	Anastasio et al., 2014 [49]
↘ time before relapse: variation in the βnAC subunit that possibly alters CHRNA5 gene expression	N = 581	Cross-sectional	Forget et al., 2021 [60]
↗ severity of CUD: upregulation of miR-181	N = 30	Cross-sectional	Viola et al., 2019 [61]

↘: decreased, ↗: increased, 5-HT2C receptor: 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C, CHRNA5: cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha5 subunit, miR: microRNA, nAChR: nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.