Table 5.
Immune system and oxidative stress biomarkers.
| Participants | Study Design | Article | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Biomarker of: | |||
| ↗ abstinence: ↘ TNF-α, MCP-1 and SDF-1 levels ↗ severity of CUD: ↗ IL-1β, fraktaline and SDF-1 levels |
N = 82 | Cross-sectional | Araos et al., 2015 [64] |
| ↗ lifetime dependence: ↘ kynurenic acid levels | N = 100 | Cross-sectional | Araos et al., 2019 [65] |
| ↗ CUD duration: ↗ glutathione levels between entry and 3 weeks of detoxification | N = 31 | Prospective | Hirsch et al., 2018 [55] |
| ↗ abstinence symptoms severity: ↗ TNF-α levels | N = 44 | Prospective | Levandowski et al., 2014 [66] |
| ↘ cognitive flexibility: ↗ IL-6 levels | N = 42 | Cross-sectional | Levandowski et al., 2016 [67] |
| ↘ treatment retention: ↗ entry cortisol levels | N = 44 | Prospective | Ligabue et al., 2020 [68] |
| ↗ craving: ↗ morning cortisol levels | N = 14 | Cross-sectional | Sampedro-Piquero et al., 2020 [69] |
| ↗ severity of CUD: ↗ TBARS levels (lipid oxidation) | N = 49 | Prospective | Sordi et al., 2014 [58] |
| ↗ years of cocaine use: ↘ IL-29 and IL-20 levels | N = 85 | Cross-sectional | Stamatovich et al., 2021 [70] |
↘: decreased, ↗: increased, IL: Interleukin, MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, SDF-1: stromal cell-derived factor 1, TBARS: Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances, TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor.