Table 4.

Representative studies of the direct and indirect identification of the A(H1N1) influenza virus by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS).

Name of Virus	LoD/Virus Concentration	Laser (nm)	Strategy/Type of Measurement	SERS Substrate	Identification	Ref.
A/CA/07/2009 (pH1N1)	$4\times {10}^3$ (TCID/mL)	632	Immunoassay	AuNps–Ag–protein G–glass substrate	Indirect	[151]
(pH1N1)/H275Y mutant	10 PFU	633	Functional nanoparticles	-	Indirect	[152]
A/FM/1/86 (H1N1)	50 PFU/mL	785	Immunoassay	pAb–LFIA strip of nitrocellulose molecules	Indirect	[153]
A/WSN/33 (H1N1)	$1\times {10}^6$	633	Wet	Au/Ag multilayered nanorod arrays onto Single-Crystal Silicon	Direct	[154]
A/WSN/33 (H1N1)	$1\times {10}^4$	633	Dry	Au substrate on Single-Crystal Silicon	Direct	[155]
A/Taiwan/N39/06 (H1N1)	$1\times {10}^6$	633	Wet	Au nanorods onto Single-Crystal Silicon	Direct	[156]
A/WSN/33 (H1N1)	$1\times {10}^4$	633	Wet	Au nanorods onto Single-Crystal Silicon	Direct	[157]
A/California/04/2009 (H1N1)	__	785	Dry	Aggregates of spherical AuNPs on the cover of glass	Direct	[158]