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. 2022 Aug 4;12(8):1038. doi: 10.3390/brainsci12081038

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(a) Effects of different stimulus intensities of tVNS on HR. Repeated measures two-way ANOVA revealed main effects and interactions for intensity and time factors (F = 1.951, p = 0.049). Post hoc analysis revealed a decrease in HR during stimulation only in the 3.0 mA condition compared to baseline (p = 0.005), Post 1 (p = 0.003), and Post 2 (p = 0.023). (b) Time course analysis on every 5 s in each stimulus intensity condition. Post hoc analysis using Dunnett’s method revealed different effects during stimulation for each stimulus current intensity, and rebound was observed during NRS administration 10 s after the end of Post 2 (shown as an upward-pointing arrow) rather than at the end of stimulation (p < 0.05). White dots indicate significant differences.