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. 2022 Aug 15;12(8):1120. doi: 10.3390/biom12081120

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The levels of apoptosis, ROS production, CaMKII and RyR2 activation and cell viability were detected in mouse atrial myocytes treated with or without PAGln. (A) Representative flow cytometry results of apoptosis and ROS levels in control and PAGln groups. (B) PAGln treatment enhanced ROS production and apoptosis. n = 3. (C) Increased NOX activity in HL-1 cells treated with PAGln. n = 4. (D,E) PAGln treatment decreased SOD activity and cell viability. n = 4. (F,G) Representative Western blot images and the expression levels of p-CaMKII, CaMKII, p-RyR2 and RyR2 in HL-1 cells treated with or without PAGln. GAPDH was used as an endogenous control. n = 4–8; *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; ns, no significance.