Table 1.
Non-coding RNAs associated with Glioma.
| Type of ncRNA | Name | Functional Mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oncogenic miRNAs | miR-10b | Essential for viability of GBM cells; controls cell proliferation, survival, migration, invasion, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition | [123] |
| miR-1246 | Drives the differentiation and activation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells | [124] | |
| miR-30e* | Promotes invasiveness by disrupting the NF-κB/IκBα loop | [125] | |
| miR-637 | Drives the malignant phenotype of glioma by suppressing HMGA1 in vitro and in vivo | [126] | |
| miR-30b-3p | EV-packaged miR-30b-3p (EV-miR-30b-3p) directly targeted ras homolog family member B (RHOB), increases TMZ resistance | [127] | |
| miR-155 and the miR-23a cluster | Down regulate the tumor suppressor MAX interactor 1 (MXI1) | [128] | |
| Tumor suppressive miRNAs | miR-3189 | Controls cancer cell metabolism by inhibiting GLUT3 expression | [129] |
| miR-124 | miR-124-extracellular vesicles (EVs) inhibits M2 microglial polarization | [130] | |
| miR-593 | Regulates the Eph receptor tyrosine kinase Eph receptor B2 (EphB2) levels | [131] | |
| miR-205 | ERBB3 overexpression is sustained by epigenetic inactivation of the oncosuppressor miR-205 | [132] | |
| miR-185-5p | Regulates the expression of tumor promoting HOXB5 expression | [133] | |
| miR-195 | Regulates expression of the cell division cycle 25A (CDC25A) phosphatase, a key regulator of cell cycle progression | [123] | |
| miR-198 | Reduces cellular MGMT levels through binding to the 3′-UTR of MGMT to enhance TMZ sensitivity | [134] | |
| miR-432-5p | Regulates expression of RNA editing enzyme adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADAR) | [135] | |
| miR-375 | Selective exosome exclusion of miR-375 by glioma cells inhibited the CTGF-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway | [136] | |
| miR-342-3p | Regulates the expression of the transcription factor ISL2 which transcriptionally regulated VEGFA expression in GSCs | [137] | |
| miR-137 | Has roles in cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and angiogenesis and in glioma treatment | [138] | |
| miR-199a-3p | Regulates expression of the transcription factor EGR1 (early growth response 1) involved in GSC proliferation and self-renewal | [139] | |
| Oncogenic lncRNAs | ALKBH5 | Facilitates IL8 Secretion to Generate an Immunosuppressive TME | [104] |
| TMEM44-AS1 | Sequentially activated Myc and EGR1/IL-6 signaling | [140] | |
| HOXA10-AS | Regulates contact inhibition, cell proliferation, invasion, Hippo signaling, and mitotic and neuro-developmental pathways | [141] | |
| RBM5-AS1 | Interacted with and stabilized sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) protein | [142] | |
| lnc-HLX-2-7 | Modulates oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and sirtuin signaling pathways | [143] | |
| OXCT1-AS | Acts as a ceRNA of miR-195 to enhance CDC25A expression | [90] | |
| lnc PRADX | Suppressed UBXN1 expression through promoter methylation and promoted NF-κB activity | [103] | |
| Linc 01060 | Directly interacts with the transcription factor myeloid zinc finger 1 (MZF1), promotes its nuclear translocation and MZF1-mediated c-Myc transcriptional activities | [110] | |
| LPP-AS2 | Functions as a ceRNA to regulate EGFR expression by sponging miR-7-5p | [144] | |
| SNHG12 | Acts as s sponge for miR-129-5p, leading to upregulation of MAPK1 and E2F7 | [95] | |
| HOTAIR | GBM-serum-EV-enclosed HOTAIR competitively binds to miR-526b-3p to increase EVA1 expression | [145] | |
| MIR22HG | Induces the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway | [146] | |
| PAXIP1-AS1 | Upregulates the KIF14 promoter activity by recruiting transcription factor ETS1 | [102] | |
| LINC00115 | Upregulates ZEB1 and promotes ZNF596 transcription by acting as a miRNA sponge for miR-200s | [93] | |
| SChLAP1 | Binds to heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (HNRNPL) to stabilize actinin alpha 4 (ACTN4) through suppression of proteasomal degradation | [98] | |
| MALAT1 | Regulated by NF-κB and p53. MALAT1 is a potential target for the chemo sensitization of GBM | [147] | |
| lnc-TALC | Competitively binds miR-20b-3p to facilitate c-Met expression | [97] | |
| Tumor suppressive lncRNAs | ARST | Inhibits ALDOA-mediated actin cytoskeleton integrity | [148] |
| lncRNA MEG3 | Regulating cell adhesion, EMT, and cell proliferation | [149] | |
| Oncogenic circRNAs | circNEIL3 | Drives macrophage infiltration and immunosuppression by stabilizing IGF2BP3 (insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 3) | [150] |
| circATP5B | Acts as miR-185-5p sponge to upregulate HOXB5 expression | [133] | |
| ASAP1 | Increases the expression of NRAS via sponging miR-502-5p. | [151] | |
| circ E Cadherin | Stimulates EGFR signaling independent of EGF | [152] | |
| circ SMO | Encodes SMO-193a.a., required for sonic hedgehog (Shh) induced G protein-coupled-like receptor smoothened (SMO) activation | [153] | |
| circ ATXN1 | Targeted miR-526b-3p to upregulate MMP2/VEGFA expression | [154] | |
| circ FOXO3 | Sponges both miR-138-5p and miR-432-5p to increase expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) | [155] | |
| circPTN | Sponges miR-145-5p and miR-330-5p to rescue downregulation of SOX9/ITGA5 in glioma cells | [156] | |
| circ 002136 | Sponges miR-138-5p to enhance SOX13 mediated angiogenesis | [157] | |
| circ DICER1 | Acts as a molecular sponge to adsorb miR-103a-3p/miR-382-5p and enhance ZIC4 in glioma-exposed endothelial cells (GECs) | [158] | |
| circ NT5E | Sponges miR-422a to inhibit the miRNA’s activity | [159] | |
| Tumor suppressive circRNA | CDR1as | Stabilizes p53 protein by preventing it from ubiquitination by MDM2 | [160] |
| circ MAPK4 | Modulates miR-125a-3p to enhance the activity of the p38/MAPK signaling pathway | [161] | |
| circ LINC-PINT | Encodes a 87-aa peptide that interacts with polymerase associated factor complex (PAF1c) and inhibits the transcriptional elongation of multiple oncogenes | [162] | |
| circ FBXW7 | Antagonizing USP28-induced c-Myc stabilization, thus reducing the half-life of c-Myc | [163] |