Table 5.

Comparison between cell lines, PDTO models and PDX models.

Features	Cell Lines	PDTO	PDX
Establishment	+	++	++
Maintenance	+++	+	−
Heterogeneity	−	+	++
Patient-specific	−	+++	+++
Environment interactions	−	−	+++
Preservation of tissue feature	−	++	+++
Co-culture	+	+	++
Genetic manipulation	+++	++	−
High-throughput screening	+++	+++	−
Cost	+	++	+++
Time-consuming	+	++	+++
Expertise	+	+++	+++

−: less likely; + to +++: likely to highly likely.