Table 3.
Recent advances in Exosome Applications in the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke.
| Origin | Cargo | Function | Target | Implication | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neural progenitor cell | / | Inhibited NF-κB signaling pathway | ECs, astrocytes | Enhanced BBB integrity poststroke | Zhang [38] |
| Mesenchymal stromal cell | Curcumin | Biochemically engineered cRGD-Exo | Microglia, neurons, astrocytes. | Inhibited inflammation and cellular apoptosis | Tian [46] |
| Aqueous suspension | / | Constructed cl PGP-PEG-DGL/CAT-Aco NPs ROS-mediated apoptosis |
Neuronal cells | Reduce infarct volume through suppressing inflammation | Zhang [47] |
| Mesenchymal stem cell | Therapeutic growth factors | Constructed MSC-IONP-derived magnetic nanovesicles | ECs, neuronal cells, macrophages | Decreased infarction volume and improved motor function via angiogenesis, anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis | Kim [48] |
| Neural progenitor cell | MiRNAs | Constructed RGD-EV MAPK signal pathway |
Microglia | Improved targeting ability to the ischemic lesion and suppressed poststroke inflammation | Tian [49] |
| Neural stem cell | MiRNAs | Constructed IFN-γ-hNSC-Exo | Neurons, microglia | Reduced infarct volume and facilitated the neurological functional recovery by increasing cell proliferation and survival, decreasing cell apoptosis and inflammation | Zhang [50] |
| Mesenchymal stromal cell | MiR-210 | Constructed RGD-Exo | ECs | Improved microvascular angiogenesis by upregulating VEGF expression | Zhang [51] |
| HEK293T cells | HMGB1- siRNA | Constructed RVG-Exo | Neuro2A cells | Reduced infarct volume by suppressing TNF-α expression and cell apoptosis | Kim [52] |